The UAE Public Prosecution unveiled its plan to integrate AI ( Artificial Intelligence) and Blockchain as well as the metaverse for criminal cases, during the Governance of Emerging Technologies Summit in Abu Dhabi this week. The initiative is part of UAE Public Prosecution’s 2045 strategy which aims to cut the processing times of cases up to 100 percent while ensuring accuracy transparency and security in the justice system.

Chancellor Salem Al Zaabi, Chief Prosecutor at the Office of the UAE Attorney General, outlined how AI will be embedded at every stage of the legal process — from the initial classification of complaints to case resolution. “Artificial intelligence will be used to identify contradictions in evidence, interpret technical reports, and summarize complex legal files,”
he said.

AI will also assist prosecutors in prioritizing police reports based on urgency and severity, allowing faster and more informed decisions. Despite the technology’s expansive role, Al Zaabi emphasized that AI is a support tool, and not a substitute, with human prosecutors remaining central to all decisions.

Blockchain technology will also play a key role in securing evidence. By tracking seized items, storing sensitive digital data, and preserving the chain of custody, blockchain ensures legal evidence remains unaltered and tamper-proof.

“We must ensure that no one can access or alter this evidence,” Al Zaabi noted.

The initiative follows lessons learned from the UAE’s first cryptocurrency case, which exposed gaps in the legal system’s readiness to handle digital crimes. The complex case, which involved months of external consultation and a 100-page report, ultimately led to a conviction, but also a realization that prosecutors needed better digital literacy.

Since then, specialised training programs have been introduced to equip prosecutors with skills to handle new-age crimes involving NFTs, cryptocurrencies, and other digital assets.

Looking ahead, the Public Prosecution will use metaverse platforms and virtual reality to simulate crime scenes, offering courts and investigators a more immersive understanding of incidents. Predictive AI models will also be deployed to identify criminal patterns and allow early intervention.

The UAE also plans to strengthen international cooperation by launching a platform to coordinate with public prosecution offices globally.

“Digital crime knows no borders,” Al Zaabi said, calling for unified global action against cyber threats.

“We will harness technology to protect rights, accelerate procedures, and deliver precise, humane justice.”

UAE digital asset broker, BurjX, has received In-Principle Approval (IPA) for a license in the UAE from the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) of Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM).

This is the prelude to the full Financial Services Permission (FSP) that will allow BurjX to operate as a fully regulated, institutional-grade trading and custody platform.

“This is an exciting step forward – not just for BurjX, but for crypto in MENA as a whole,” said Omar Abbas, Co-Founder & CEO of BurjX. “Secure, institutional-grade custody is the foundation of a trusted trading platform, and the MENA region is ready for it. As BurjX moves toward final regulatory approval, we are reimagining crypto trading – seamlessly integrating cutting-edge security with a frictionless trading experience in a single, unified platform.”

Adam Ferris, Co-Founder & Chairman of BurjX, underscored the company’s vision, “This milestone is just the beginning. We’re building something that doesn’t just meet the highest security and regulatory standards – it’s about raising the bar for enterprise-grade custody, compliance, and market integrity. BurjX is shaping the future of responsible digital asset trading.”

With final regulatory approval on the horizon, BurjX is preparing to launch later this year, bringing a full suite of digital asset trading and custody solutions to market. Designed for retail, professional, and institutional traders, the platform provides secure fiat on/off-ramps, deep liquidity, and advanced execution tools all within a tightly governed and fully compliant framework.

For security BurjX has partnered with Fireblocks leveraging its multi party computation technology and security protocols, and for peace of mind, it has secure market leading insurance coverage.

One of the first crypto exchanges to be licensed out of ADGM was M2, and today in Dubai VARA boasts of 30 licensed VASP providers. The UAE has become a hot bed for licensed digital asset, tokenization and crypto service providers.

UAE Capital Investment Holding Ltd., and Fasset, tokenization exchange platform, and Zand Bank, have launched ForteXchain, a real estate tokenization blockchain platform, allowing for fractional real estate investment.

The UAE’s real estate sector continues its record-breaking trajectory into 2025, solidifying its status as a global investment hotspot. In January alone, property sales transactions soared to AED 33.9 billion, reflecting an 18% surge compared to the same period in 2024. The Dubai Land Department (DLD) also reported a 19% year-on-year increase in transaction volume, reinforcing the emirate’s appeal among international investors.

ForteXchain eliminates traditional barriers to real estate investing by lowering entry costs, streamlining regulatory processes, and opening access to both novice and seasoned investors. By leveraging blockchain technology, the platform enables fractional investment in real-world properties starting from just $1 drastically reducing the participation threshold and offering unprecedented flexibility to both retail and institutional investors, subject to local regulations.

“Zand is proud to be the first UAE bank to offer institutional-grade custodial solutions, with private keys securely held within the UAE,” said Michael Chan, CEO of Zand. “Our mission is to accelerate the growth of the digital economy by expanding global access to tokenized Real-World Assets (RWA), including the real estate market, with unparalleled security, transparency, and regulatory compliance.”

In its inaugural issuance round, ForteXchain will present a curated portfolio of tokenized real estate assets across multiple countries. Letters of Intent (LOIs) have already been issued for the following jurisdictions, with due diligence and project exploration underway for projects in Spain such as Elysium City, a pioneering €18 billion sustainable development by Elysium City Spain, as well as in the UAE through Centurion Properties Group & Arabia Capital. Centurion Properties Group & Arabia Capital is focusing on Burj Capital, Arabia Residences, and Centurion Business Complex.

Also included is Malaysia with Bin Zayed International, a leading UAE-based investment group. Jazz City (Kulim, Kedah) – an ongoing project – is a flagship mixed-use development spanning 70.34 acres in Kulim, Kedah known as the “Technology City” of northern Malaysia.

The press release noted that additional projects are under review and will be announced in the coming weeks. This initial phase will be followed by a comprehensive roadmap to bring these assets to market.

Following this initial rollout, Phase Two will onboard institutional real estate projects. Phase Three will open the platform to both retail and institutional real estate projects, enabling them to submit and tokenize projects aligned with their respective investment profiles.

ForteXchain leverages Fasset’s existing regulatory licenses, which provide secure access to high-growth markets such as the UAE, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Turkey, while Zand Bank the UAE-based AI-powered bank offering institutional-grade digital asset custody will act as the custody partner, responsible for safeguarding investor assets and funds.

“With global real estate valued at over $300 trillion, tokenization unlocks new opportunities for wealth creation and democratizes access to investment,” said Daniel Ahmed, COO and Co-Founder of Fasset. “Fasset is proud to support ForteXchain with our technology and licensing expertise, enabling secure and compliant access to tokenized real estate.”

ForteXchain operates on Fasset’s digital platform. Users begin by completing identity verification (KYC) to ensure compliance and security. Once verified, users can purchase digital tokens representing shares in specific properties. These tokens can be traded on a regulated marketplace offering liquidity rarely available in traditional real estate markets.

ForteXchain’s initial target markets include the UAE, Indonesia, Malaysia, and select European countries. Future expansion plans include Bahrain, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey, and South America. Real estate tokenization will eventually migrate to Own, a blockchain developed by Fasset specifically for Real-World Asset (RWA) transactions, following its mainnet launch in late 2025.

Recently, UAE regulated, Tokinvest, a marketplace for real-world asset (RWA) investing, and Zand Bank, partnered to transform the way investors access high-value assets through tokenization.

Ceffu, a compliant, institutional-grade custody platform offering custody and liquidity solutions that are ISO 27001 & 27701 certified and SOC2 Type 1 & Type 2 attested, allowing institutional clients to safely store and manage their digital assets, and Binance crypto exchange only institutional crypto custody provider, has received In-Principle Approval (IPA) from the Dubai Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) for their Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP) license application.

As per the announcement, the approval enables Ceffu to offer institutional-grade custody services to Qualified Investors in and from Dubai, marking a major step in expanding our presence in the region’s fast growing virtual asset market.

According to Ceffu, this will enable them to continue to deliver secure, trusted, innovative and fully compliant custody solutions tailored to institutional needs. In their 2024 report Ceffu had showcased their expansion plans in both Asia, Europe and MENA region.

Ceffu commented that they look forward to continued collaboration with VARA to ensure their solutions remain compliant and have a positive impact on the region’s thriving virtual asset ecosystem while showcasing that they will continue their expansion in MENA.

In addition to its already ongoing partnership with Binance, Ceffu recently announced the launch of MirrorRSV (pronounced Mirror Reserve), a new and enhanced addition to their suite of flagship off-exchange settlement solutions.

Ceffu’s Strong Partnership with Binance continues


In addition to its already ongoing partnership with Binance, Ceffu recently announced the launch of MirrorRSV (pronounced Mirror Reserve), a new and enhanced addition to their suite of flagship off-exchange settlement solutions.

Discussing their new solution, they mentioned that through their extended partnership with Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, MirrorRSV offers operational efficiency and provides a gateway to unrivaled liquidity to institutional clients, all while ensuring institutional-grade security for their digital assets.

Digital assets are secured in Ceffu’s cold storage and fully verifiable on-chain. Clients receive representative assets in their designated Binance Exchange (Exchange) parent account at a 1:1 ratio, which are eligible for use with Binance Portfolio Margin.

Growth of Crypto Custodial services in UAE

This comes as more and more crypto custody providers are offering their solutions to the institutional sector. UAE based Fuze, a digital assets infrastructure provider partnered with crypto custodian Hex Trust also regulated in the UAE, to deliver institutional-grade digital asset custody across the Middle East.

In April 2025, BitGo, a global crypto custodian and crypto staking provider received its license in the UAE through its Dubai subsidiary, BitGo Custody MENA FZE. BitGo obtained the license from Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority. The Virtual Assets Service Provider (VASP) operating license will allow BitGo to offer Virtual Asset Custody Services and Staking. This approval follows BitGo’s receipt of the in-principle approval (IPA) in January 2025.

The Maldives Government and UAE based MBS Global Investments, the investment arm of the Private Office of Sheikh Nayef Bin Eid Al Thani, have agreed to build a financial freezone in Maldives with an investment of $8.8bn. Dubbed the Maldives International Financial Centre (MIFC), the center will be designed for and created to attract global financial institutions, fintech pioneers, and global digital Nomads with support for digital assets.

As per the press release, The MIFC free zone will offer no corporate tax, tax-free inheritance, ownership as per the constitution of the Maldives, and privacy. Combined with no residency requirements, it’s set to attract digital nomads, entrepreneurs, and wealth creators seeking freedom without borders. Residents will benefit from multi-currency banking and access to offshore private banking. Future-ready regulations will support digital assets, and green finance – making MIFC not just a financial hub, but a destination for those investing in the legacy of future generations.

Due to be completed by 2030, it will be easily accessible from any part of the world and the aim is to notably increase the country’s GDP within four years with projected revenue to be well over US $1bn by the fifth year.

The centrepiece of MIFC is a state-of-the-art conference centre with capacity for 3,500 people. The multi-purpose convention venue will host leading global conferences, cultural events and innovation-driven hackathons establishing Male as leading assembly hub, driving all year round engagement in the Maldives and further supporting the wider, already established hospitality industry

The plan includes three iconic residential and office towers designed for international HQs and regional offices, high-end, sea front branded residences, world-renowned hotel brands, vibrant and one-of-a-kind retail experience, Oceanographic Museum, Mosque, and leading education facilities including an International School.

President Dr Mohamed Muizzu said, “With the MIFC, we are shaping the Maldives of tomorrow, a beacon of innovation and national pride that will thrive in harmony with nature. The financial centre will be a symbol of economic resilience and will set a new global benchmark that will massively benefit the people of the Maldives for generations to come.”

Minister of Finance for the Maldives said, “This is a momentous project. It offers a great opportunity to diversify our economy beyond tourism in line with our ambitions and will attract the best businesses and visionary entrepreneurs in the world.”

Nadeem Hussain, CEO of MBS Global Investments said, “The financial centre will set a new global benchmark, advancing financial innovation by at least two decades. It is the next evolution of what has been happening in other financial centres around the globe.”

This dynamic mixed-use development has been designed by master planner Architect Gianni Ranaulo, every structure from the overarching master plan to the individual buildings are inspired by the local fauna and marine eco-system. Ranaulo incorporates environmentally conscious practices in all projects. The total size of the development is 780,000 sqm where more than 6,500 people can reside, and an expected daily footfall of 35,000.

While the press release itself does not mention blockchain or crypto hub, a report from the Financial Times, noted that the agreement, which was signed on May 4, was done in the hopes of moving the Maldives away from reliance on tourism and fisheries by attracting foreign direct investment into blockchain and Web3 technologies.

MBS has previously investment in Blockchain entities

MBS Global Investments, through one of its portfolio entities UAE Varys Capital had previously invested in Movement Labs, an L2 Blockchain platform.

At the time, MBS Global Investments had noted on LinkedIn, “MBS Global Investments proudly congratulates our partner, Varys Capital on their successful pre-seed investment in Movement Labs (MOVE), a pioneering project that has just achieved a major milestone. The recent Token Generation Event (TGE) for MOVE was a resounding success, with the token reaching an extraordinary fully diluted valuation surpassing $6 billion. This remarkable achievement has already captured the attention of the global crypto community, with MOVE being listed on all major exchanges, including Binance.”

MBS also noted that they would continue to support this venture. They stated, “We are excited to continue supporting this transformative venture and looks forward to the significant impact MOVE will have on the future of decentralized finance and blockchain technology.”

In an update posted on Mantra Chain website, based on JP Mullin, CEO of Mantra Chain discussion with Henri Arslanian during Token 2049 on stage, offered an update on the OM Token debacle.

The blog post authored by Mullin notes that the focus is on decentralization. The team is accelerating their validator diversification efforts by winding down internal validators while adding more support partners. Mullin states, “By the end of Q2 2025, we’ll have reduced internal validators by half and onboarded 50 total external partner validators.”

The Tokenomics dashboard created after the price drop will continue to be live. Already Mullin had burned his 150 million staked OM Tokens to show his commitment to the projects and to the recovery while trying to rebuild trust.

MANTRA Chain continued to operate without interruption during the price drop, even with transaction volumes at all-time highs. Additionally, Mantra Chain has launched OMSTEAD, our MANTRA Chain EVM testnet currently in Alpha. ‍

Mullin also carried out a call to action when it comes to crypto exchanges. He states, ‍”This is bigger than MANTRA. Liquidation cascades could happen to any project in the crypto industry. Policies that allow aggressive leverage positions create substantial systemic risk. We’re cooperating with major exchanges to improve market stability, and we’re calling on the rest of our industry to provide input on how exchange policies can minimize (or continue to permit) policies that create risk to investors.”

He added that the path ahead requires methodical, transparent rebuilding. He states, “We’re designing systems that both significantly reduce the risk of similar incidents and also create a fundamentally more decentralized protocol and token.”

Mantra Chain had signed a $1 billion tokenization deal with DAMAC as well as a $500 million deal with MAG Group. Yet recently MAG Group announced a new tokenization of assets worth $3 billion with MultiBank mentioning the same properties that had been mentioned in their initial agreement with Mantra Chain.

Eric Trump, the son of President Donald Trump, during his participation at Token 2049 demystified the stablecoin behind the deal that was made between UAE sovereign wealth fund MGX and Binance crypto exchange. The $2 billion investment by MGX into Binance was announced earlier this year, yet the stablecoin mentioned for carrying out the deal remained a mystery.

MGX, chaired by Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the UAE’s national security advisor and a brother of UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, backed not only by Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund Mubadala but also G42 invested 2 percent of its 100 billion investment vehicle into the world leading crypto exchange Binance.

At Token 2049 Dubai, Eric Trump demystified it stating the the World Liberty Financial USD stablecoin (USD1) is the one that will be used for the UAE MGX Binance deal, while noting that the USD1 would integrate with the Tron network.

Trump announced that the WLF USD stablecoin (USD1) was selected as the official stablecoin for MGX’s $2 billion investment in Binance. Zach Witkoff, the Co-founder of World Liberty Financial, teased more future partnerships for the DeFi protocol, adding that the platform aimed to establish USD1 as the preferred stablecoin in the DeFi and CeFi ecosystem, and the WLF team was working really hard on getting integrations into traditional retail point of sale systems.

“We thank MGX and Binance for their trust in us,” said Witkoff, who is the son of the White House envoy to the Middle East, Steve Witkoff. “It’s only the beginning.”

Trump disclosed that Abu Dhabi’s MGX will use the USD1 stablecoin to settle a $2 billion investment into Binance in one of crypto’s largest funding deals, marking the investment firm’s first venture into the crypto space.

Trump mentioned that sending funds internationally through SWIFT was slow, costly, and complex, emphasizing that crypto [almost] made banks redundant. An analysis report published by Statrys said the average transaction time on the SWIFT payment network was 20 hours and seven minutes. Additionally, 75% of SWIFT transactions involve one or two intermediary banks, meaning that these average 1 day and 11 hours to settle. However, a USDT or USDC stablecoin transaction on Ethereum settles within two to five minutes.

“USD1 will become one of the most transparent and regulated stablecoins in the world…not only do we want to create a product in our stable point USD, one that can be sent across borders in a very seamless way, but transparency and frankly, consumer safety is paramount…”

Phoenix Group PLC (ADX:PHX), a global cryptocurrency, blockchain, and next-generation digital asset infrastructure company, is now one of the top 10 crypto mining entities globally. Recently it announced that it has a total crypto mining operational capacity in Ethiopia of 132 MW after just adding 52 MW in the country. In total Phoenix Group now has a Bitcoin mining capacity of 500 MW across five countries globally, including operations in UAE, GCC, America, Canada and Ethiopia.

Munaf Ali, CEO & Co-Founder of Phoenix Group, said, “Phoenix Group has rapidly become a leading force among the top 10 global Bitcoin mining companies, a testament to our strategic foresight in securing prime locations with abundant, low-cost energy and our operational excellence driven by vertical integration and cutting-edge technology. The opportunities for future growth are immense, and we are committed to aggressively expanding our global footprint in key energy markets.”

Earlier this year, Phoenix Group entered Ethiopia with an 80 MW power purchase agreement (PPA), laying the groundwork for efficient, low-cost, and sustainable operations in a strategically important region. The newly secured 52 MW site will be developed in two phases. Phase 1 will deliver 20 MW of capacity, activating 5,300 high-efficiency air-cooled mining units with an expected output of 1.2 EH/s. Phase 2, set for completion by the end of Q2 2025, will add a further 32 MW, using hydro-cooling technology. Once fully operational, the site’s total hash rate is projected to double to approximately 2.4 EH/s.

Sustainable crypto mining in Ethiopia

Reza Nedjatian, CEO of Phoenix Mining, AI & Data Centers, added, “With 132 MW now running on clean hydropower, we’re proud to set a new benchmark for sustainable mining in Africa and deliver large-scale operations in energy-rich regions.”

Phoenix Group’s Ethiopian operations rank among the most sustainable in global Bitcoin mining, with 90% of their energy sourced from renewable hydropower via the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.

In an interview with CNBC Crypto Weekly show Munaf Ali discussed the huge Bitcoin mining project in Abu Dhabi UAE that was designed built and operated by the company. The site occupies 80,000 square meters with 45,600 servers. He noted that this is one of the largest sites in the world.

The Future of Bitcoin mining is in electricity and power

The future of Bitcoin mining according to Munaf Ali is contingent on electricity. In his interview with Henri Arslanian he notes, there is a grab for power, everyone wants to have access to electricity because data processing is a new commodity, whether it is for bitcoin mining, AI, Web3 or DeFi, everybody needs electricity for these datacenters being built.

These comments come as The UAE government works on its energy needs with the launch of XRG, an international energy investment company that will focus on projects across the spectrum, from gas to chemicals to low carbon fuels to energy infrastructure. The energy investment company was launched by ADNOC in November 2025 with the aim to have $80 billion in assets under management by 2035.

XRG was launched by Dr. Sultan bin Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of Industry and Advanced Technology, Chairman of Masdar and ADNOC. He noted at the time that global energy demand is set to rise dramatically, increasing from 9,000 GW to 15,000 GW by 2035 and potentially reaching 35,000 GW by 2050—a staggering 250% increase. The rise of AI applications like ChatGPT, which consumes ten times the energy of a single Google search, is accelerating this trajectory.

DKK Digital FZE, a Dubai based subsidiary of DKK Partners based in London, has secured full regulatory approval from the Dubai Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) to operate as a licensed Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP) Broker/Dealer as it plans to scale its operations across the Middle East.

As per the announcement, DKK Digital is now authorized to offer a comprehensive suite of regulated digital asset services, including fiat on/off ramp infrastructure and liquidity provision for stablecoins such as Electronic Dirham (EAED), USD Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), and Ripple USD (XRP).

Khalid Talukder, Co-Founder & CEO of DKK Digital commented, “Receiving full regulatory approval from VARA is a major milestone for DKK Digital and a strong validation of our commitment to building within a compliant and forward-thinking framework while contributing to Dubai’s vision as a global hub for blockchain and Web3 innovation. This license enables us to officially operate as a regulated Broker/Dealer VASP and further strengthens our ability to deliver secure, institutional-grade digital asset solutions across the region and beyond.”

The firm’s approval also reinforces its capacity to build robust partnerships with banks, fintech companies and financial institutions across the regions, enabling regulated services for cross-border settlements, FX markets and treasury operations.

This week alone in the UAE, several crypto brokers and exchanges such as Gate.io and Bitgo both receiving licenses from VARA adding to the already competitive crypto exchange market.

It is obvious that UAE MAG real estate developer who just announced a $3 billion tokenization deal with MultiBank Group, a financial derivatives institution in UAE, has dropped its previous agreement with Mantra Chain valued at $500 million.

The property assets MAG mention in their current announcement with MultiBank, and Mavryk, a Layer 1 blockchain tokenization infrastructure provider are the same as those they had previously mentioned with Mantra Chain.

In July 2024, MAG Group had announced that it would tokenize $500 million of RWA with Mantra Chain, the Layer 1 Blockchain tokenization platform, whose OM Token recently lost 90% of its value. At the time the press release noted that MAG would tokenize assets in tranches and would include residential projects such as Keturah Reserve, which is being built by MAG as well as the $75 million mega-mansion at ‘The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Dubai, Creekside’ development, where investors would earn yield through stablecoins and Mantra’s OM token.

Woo and Behold today MAG in its announcement with Multibank and Mavryk are tokenizing the same exact property assets. As noted in the press release, ” The partnership will bring MAG’s high-value real estate developments, The Ritz-Carlton Residences, Dubai, Creekside, part of the Keturah Resort, and Keturah Reserve, onto the blockchain, making them available to global investors via MultiBank.io’s fully regulated RWA marketplace. Once launched, holders of the RWA assets will be able to earn yield distributed daily on the MultiBank.io platform.”

There still might be remnants of the deal with Mantra Chain given that the current press release says that part of the Keturah Resort will be tokenized in the deal with MultiBank, which might leave some assets for the initial deal with MantraChain. Interestingly the new press release does not build on or mention the previous agreement with Mantra Chain.

The release goes on to note that the $MBG token will power access, staking, fee payments, and platform engagement, positioning it as the infrastructure layer behind institutional-grade digital asset offerings.

Each entity will play their role. MAG will provide its premium real estate inventory for tokenization, while Mavryk will deliver the blockchain infrastructure to support on-chain asset issuance and DeFi integrations,while MultiBank Group will oversee regulatory compliance, secondary market liquidity, and platform governance.

Talal Moafaq Al Gaddah, Senior Executive Vice Chairman of MAG, said, “At MAG, we have always been driven by excellence and a passion for shaping the property landscape of tomorrow. Partnering with MultiBank Group marks a milestone in broadening access to high-value developments and unlocking liquidity via blockchain.”

“This isn’t just a real estate deal, it is a flagship use case for the $MBG token. By enabling seamless access to $3B in tokenized property, MultiBank becomes the bridge between regulated finance and next-generation investment infrastructure.” said Zak Taher, Founder and CEO of MultiBank.io.

The platform is built to scale up to $10 billion in assets, setting the stage for a new era of programmable ownership and compliant digital investing, with $MBG at its foundation.

At the end of 2024, MAG Group Holding’s portfolio of current and under development projects across its different real estate subsidiaries has reached AED 43.7 billion ($11.9 billion).