Central Bank of Bahrain studies how banks can offer stablecoins in the future

Central Bank of Bahrain studies how banks can offer stablecoins in the future

The Central Bank of Bahrain, while still piloting CBDCs, is moving forward with its stablecoin and crypto payments strategy and is currently studying the possibility of allowing local bank to offer stablecoins in next phase.

The governor of the Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB), Khalid Humaidan in an interview with the Banker noted that the Central Bank of Bahrain is still in CBDC pilot phase utilizing different approaches for retail and wholesale CBDCs, yet at the same time strong interest is in stablecoins, and crypto payments according to  Yasmeen Alsharaf, director of the fintech and innovation unit at the CBB.

Just as the governor of Bahrain Central Bank discussed piloting CBDCs both retail and wholesale, Yasmeen Al Sharaf in another interview discussed how the CBB recently issued a consultation on the regulation of stablecoins in October 2024 and is seeking in next phase to see how banks can offer stablecoins.

CBDCs still in pilot or pre-pilot stages across GCC

Back in June 2024, the IMF noted two thirds of countries in MENA were exploring CBDCs stating that Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and UAE were in more advanced proof of concept stages, it also noted that CBDCs required careful considerations. Today it seems that this is still the case.

Humaidan speaking to the Banker explained, that the CBB is still piloting and trying different combinations and keeping their options open. He stated, “As the pilot progresses, we will refine our approach and decide what the right formula is for Bahrain.”

He had commented that most central banks in the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries are in the same phase when it comes to CBDCs. They are either piloting or about to launch pilots. The reason is that there are still a lot of questions such as which is a priority retail or wholesale CBDCs, should a centralized or decentralized ledger be used?

CBB is interested in stablecoins and crypto payments

But while the Central Bank of Bahrain may still be piloting on the CBDC front, in terms of stablecoins and crypto payments, Yasmeen Alsharaf, Director of the Fintech and innovation unit at the CBB told Asian Banking & Finance at the Singapore Fintech Festival 2024 on 6-8 November, noted that stablecoins and crypto payments are areas of interest for the central bank.

In October 2024, the CBB issued a consultation on the regulation of stablecoins.

Alsharaf stated, “We will soon also be complementing that with the consultation to explore the opportunity to allow banks to also engage in offering Stablecoins. We are currently in the process of benchmarking other jurisdictions when it comes to crypto payments.”

She added, “We believe that there’s a lot of opportunities when it comes to digital assets, a lot of use cases out there. And again, going back to what I mentioned earlier, a balanced regulatory framework is important to have in place to support those use cases whilst maintaining safe financial operations.”

The statements come as Singapore Gulf Bank, a subsidiary of Whampoa Group, with a license in Bahrain, is in talks with a Middle East sovereign wealth fund to raise $50 million to acquire a stablecoin payments company in 2025 either in the Middle East or Europe. SGB is backed by Bahrain’s sovereign wealth fund Mumtalakat and privately held Singapore-based investment firm Whampoa Group.

UAE has already published its stablecoin regulations

While Bahrain it still in the consultation phase for its stablecoin regulation, the UAE Central Bank in June 2024 came out with the “UAE Stablecoin Payment Token Services Regulation” laying out the rules and conditions by the Central Bank of UAE for licenses pertaining to payment tokens, not allowing algorithmic tokens to be included and only allowing foreign stablecoins to be used to purchase virtual assets.

The Central Bank of the UAE defined Payment Token Services as being digital payment services in the UAE comprising of three categories, namely Payment Token Issuance, Payment Token Conversion and Payment Token Custody and Transfer.

Soon after Tether announced that it would be seeking to launch its AED stablecoin.

The Chainalysis 2024 report which covered the MENA region showcased the growth of stablecoins, particularly in Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.

Mbank launches first blockchain enabled national debit card in UAE

Mbank launches first blockchain enabled national debit card in UAE

In celebration of the UAE’s 53rd National Day, UAE based Mbank (Al Maryah Community Bank) , a digital bank, launched Jaywan Cards, the UAE’s first National Debit Card, on its blockchain enabled Mbank Wallet platform.

As per the press release, the national debit card is powered by advanced blockchain technology. It empowers customers with the ability to pay seamlessly at all POS terminals across the UAE, transfer money internationally with ease, and enjoy zero fees for cash withdrawals. By leveraging the security and efficiency of blockchain, Mbank sets a new benchmark in financial convenience and inclusivity, reinforcing its commitment to innovation and serving the diverse needs of its customers.

The press release added, that the launch of Jaywan Cards reflects Mbank’s commitment to fostering financial inclusion, serving the local community, and enhancing its position in the UAE’s financial ecosystem.

This initiative aligns with the Central Bank of the UAE and Al Etihad Payments’ strategic timeline, supporting the introduction of over 10 million new debit cards into the UAE market over the next two years. Mbank extends its gratitude to Al Etihad Payments for their unwavering support and collaboration, which has been instrumental in bringing this transformative initiative to life and advancing the UAE’s payment infrastructure.

The Mbank Wallet offers a full suite of payment solutions, giving users the ability to manage their finances on the app while using Jaywan Cards for in-person transactions.

The Mbank Wallet is the UAE’s first national digital wallet built on decentralized blockchain technology, offering:

  • Payments Through All POS Terminals in the UAE: Jaywan Cards are widely accepted across the country for seamless transactions.
  • Instant Payments with QR Technology: Secure and quick payments for in-store and online purchases.
  • Cross-Border Transactions: International transfers facilitated through Lulu Exchange.
  • No Bank Account Needed: Customers can send, receive, and request payments using an IBAN, eliminating the need for a bank account.
  • Zero Fees for Cash Withdrawals: A fee-free experience at ATMs, ensuring greater financial accessibility.
  • Digital E-Vouchers: Simplify the process of purchasing gift vouchers from a wide range of top merchants

“As we celebrate the UAE’s 53rd National Day, we take immense pride in introducing a transformative step forward with the launch of Jaywan Cards through the Mbank Wallet,” said Mr. Mohammed Wassim Khayata, CEO of Al Maryah Community Bank. “This groundbreaking initiative is a testament to our unwavering commitment to empowering the nation’s financial landscape, enhancing customer experiences, and driving the UAE’s vision of becoming a leader in financial inclusion and digital innovation.”

He added, “With Jaywan Cards and the Mbank Wallet, we are not just redefining the banking experience but also reinforcing the UAE’s position as a hub for cutting-edge financial solutions. Our focus is on creating meaningful impacts that bring convenience and accessibility to every customer, reflecting the spirit of progress and innovation that defines our nation.”

This announcement comes after AED Stablecoin LLC stated that the Central Bank of UAE provided it with in principle approval to launch and establish its own stablecoin, AE Coin.

Deribit crypto derivatives exchange receives full license from Dubai’s virtual asset regulator

Deribit crypto derivatives exchange receives full license from Dubai’s virtual asset regulator

Deribit, a crypto derivatives exchange, will be launching its spot and derivatives trading in the UAE and migration of all activities towards Deribit’s Dubai-based entity, Deribit FZE, after it has received its full license from the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) of Dubai. It has received its conditional license back in April 2024.

Effective January 1, 2025, all qualified and institutional investors will be welcomed as direct clients of Deribit FZE, while retail clients will continue to be serviced by DRB Panama, now operating as a broker member of Deribit FZE.

As per the press release, this transition reflects Deribit’s focus on regulatory compliance and superior client service, leveraging Dubai’s advanced crypto infrastructure.

Client Transition Deadline: All clients must accept the new terms of service by January 1, 2025.


Mandatory KYC Refresh: Clients who do not complete the KYC process before January 1 will be placed on “Reduce Only” mode, restricting new positions but allowing the closure of existing positions. Deribit will migrate its substantial open interest, currently valued at nearly USD 50 billion, to its Dubai entity.


“Dubai has rapidly positioned itself as a global hub for digital assets, thanks to the visionary efforts of VARA and the UAE government. The city’s forward-looking regulatory environment provides the ideal foundation for Deribit’s growth and innovation. As the crypto industry matures and global regulatory needs evolve, our institutional clients require our regulated trading platform to be able to evolve with the industry. This move underscores our commitment to meeting these expectations while delivering exceptional, best-in-class service to our clients and adhering to the highest standards of transparency and compliance,” said Luuk Strijers, CEO of Deribit FZE.


Unlike other global trading venues establishing new entities, Deribit will consolidate all flow and activities into its Dubai entity. Deribit FZE will be the sole platform offering trading in all our products like spot, perpetuals, futures and options as well as all post-trade activities, all of which are under the supervision of VARA.


According to the press release the migration is a testament to the company’s ongoing mission to shape the future of crypto derivatives trading, ensuring regulatory alignment, operational efficiency, and client satisfaction.

Moroccan Central Bank says crypto regulations in adoption phase

Moroccan Central Bank says crypto regulations in adoption phase

The Moroccan Central Bank’s governor Abdellatif Jouahri announced on November 26th that the digital asset/crypto regulation law has been prepared and is in the adoption phase.


The Moroccan Central Bank also known as Bank Al Maghrib worked on its crypto and digital asset’s regulation alongside the World Bank and IMF (International Monetary Fund).


Despite the lack of crypto regulations in Morocco, it is one of the fastest growing crypto markets both globally and in the MENA region. As Per Chainalysis’ Geography of Cryptocurrency report for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 2024, Morocco ranked 20th worldwide for crypto adoption. In addition, Morocco received the highest crypto transaction value of MENA’s African bloc comparing it to Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.


The report for 2024 noted, “MENA includes two countries ranked in the top 30 of the global crypto adoption indexes: Türkiye (11th) and Morocco (27th), capturing $137 billion and $12.7 billion of value received, respectively.”
The announcement was made during the High-Level Regional Symposium on Financial Stability.


Jouahri noted, “Bank Al-Maghrib has prepared, with the participation of all stakeholders and with the support of the World Bank, a draft law governing crypto assets which is currently in the adoption process.”


He also mentioned that work in CBDCs ( Central Bank Digital Currencies) and the work the Moroccan government is doing in this domain especially as CBDCs can increase financial inclusion.


He added, “We launched the MDBC project more than three years ago with the aim of anticipating and guiding the strategic choices and decisions of Bank Al-Maghrib in this area. The project also aims to strengthen our capacities and expertise on this complex and multidimensional subject.


The Central Bank of Morocco considers this a long-term undertaking, and has impact on the monetary policy and financial stability.
Earlier this year, Morocco announced its Moroccan digital 2030 strategy to continue $10.35 billion to GDP. As per the strategy, the country seeks to create 240,000 jobs in the digital sector by 2030, which it expects will contribute 100 billion dirhams ($10.36 billion dollars) to the country’s gross domestic product while increasing digital export revenues to 40 billion dirhams ($4.15 billion).
The Moroccan Agency for Digital Development (ADD) will play a central role in supporting the digitalization of public administrations according to the head of the government, while a unified digital portal will standardize administrative procedures across various stages.

Outlier Ventures AI, tokenization and Digital Identity teams participate in Saudi Arabian Future Spark accelerator

Outlier Ventures AI, tokenization and Digital Identity teams participate in Saudi Arabian Future Spark accelerator

Outlier Ventures has announced that its AI, tokenization, digital identity teams have joined the FutureSpark Base Camp accelerator program taking place in Riyadh at Monsha’at.

The cohort comprises teams from countries including Saudi Arabia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Portugal and The Marshall Islands. Collectively the founders are developing cutting-edge technologies across Gaming, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Payment Solutions, Real World Assets (RWA) and Digital Identity, helping advance the Web3 ecosystem in the region and driving technological advancements across Saudi Arabia as part of Vision2030.

Announcing the first FutureSpark Base Camp cohort with the support of NTDP is an exciting moment in Outlier Ventures’ commitment to accelerating the development of high-growth Web3 ecosystems globally.

“We are very excited to welcome the founders participating in the first FutureSpark Base Camp program in Saudi Arabia. Over the 12-week program, the cohort is gaining invaluable tailored guidance from Outlier Ventures’ team of experts, the incredible mentors and support from NTDP.” Said Stephan Apel, CEO and Founding Partner. “This unique experience will not only accelerate their growth, but also help forge meaningful connections within the rapidly developing Web3 ecosystem in Saudi Arabia. We look forward to supporting the founders as we continue to build on our mission to help grow Web3 ecosystems globally.”

The teams participating include Astra Nova (Saudi Arabia), an expansive multimedia gaming universe that leverages web3 and user generated content (UGC) for immersive gaming, Byzanlink (United Arab Emirates), a platform connecting tokenized real-world assets to onchain yield, stability, and sustainable growth.

Byzanlink is a cutting-edge Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization platform revolutionizing the management of traditional financial assets on-chain. By seamlessly bridging traditional finance (TradeFi) with decentralized finance (DeFi), Byzanlink empowers institutions and investors with access to diverse, yield-generating opportunities. It enables asset managers and SMEs to tokenize assets, reduce operational costs, unlock new capital sources, and achieve optimal risk management, transparency, and efficiency.

Also included are Feed Protocol (United States of America) which unlocks the blockchain for developers, startups, and organizations by providing powerful data streams, Kodex (United Kingdom) a unified Digital Law and Order Protocol: Censorship-Resistant Safety Monitoring for Web3 dApps, Games and Metaverses.

Kodex is the first truly decentralized, censorship-resistant trust and safety solution for social media, online games, and metaverses. At its core is The Kode – a unified rulebook defining harmful behaviors like fraud, harassment, toxic content, and disinformation, supported by a decentralized array of AI nodes and human reviewers that operate solely based on The Kode and nothing else, ensuring a consistent, impartial approach that’s both standardized and immune to external bias.

In addition LIFT (United States of America) a decentralized platform enables non-technical users to train AI Agents to analyze sports, games, social and security video — and trigger actions based on events detected in real-time is also participating.

As well as Oumla (Saudi Arabia) who are simplifying blockchain technology by providing a secure and scalable infrastructure for businesses and government agencies. Oumla enables developers to easily build on top of blockchains. You don’t need to learn complex, low-level Blockchain-specific APIs. By using our API/SDKs, you can accelerate your time to market and minimize security concerns.

Others include Ouroboro Labs (Portugal) a Layer-3 blockchain built to seamlessly onboard millions of gamers to web3. With lightning speeds, abstractable infrastructure and games across various genres.

Sorbet (Saudi Arabia) The modern digital wallet for freelancers—collect payments globally, store earnings in USDC, and manage your business as an independent, all in one place.

Waslah (Saudi Arabia) Waslah unlocks power of energy aggregation to save money and stabilize the electric grid. Saudi built circular energy network – that connects appliances, use AI for data processing to optimize energy management. Through predictive analytics and real-time demand-supply balancing we enhance grid stability.

Finally, YalGamers (Marshall Islands), a Web3 gaming ecosystem empowering gamers to earn, and developers to build with innovative tools and social features.

The FutureSpark program forms part of Outlier Ventures’ Base Camp accelerator programs that focus on supporting founders globally helping them to accelerate their product market fit. The program will culminate in a demo day in January in Riyadh. For more information go here: https://outlierventures.io/base-camp/

Greengage completes debt instrument transaction on the Coinbase Diamond tokenization platform

Greengage completes debt instrument transaction on the Coinbase Diamond tokenization platform

Greengage & Co. Limited, a digital finance firm, has completed the first external debt instrument transaction on the Coinbase Diamond tokenization platform, operating under the regulatory oversight of the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM).


The transaction represents a key development for Project Diamond, which seeks to integrate blockchain technology with asset management. Project Diamond leverages smart contracts to improve transparency and efficiency in financial systems.

“The successful completion of this transaction is a testament to Coinbase’s mission of creating an open financial system,” Marcel Kasumovich, Deputy CIO at Coinbase Asset Management, commented.

“This collaboration with Greengage under the purview of ADGM allows us to innovate responsibly, ensuring that technological advancements align with regulatory compliance and investor protection.”

According to Greengage’s press release, the deal was executed under ADGM’s regulatory framework, which balances innovation with strict standards. ADGM supports financial technologies aimed at sustainable and inclusive solutions.

“Our collaboration with Coinbase on this transaction exemplifies Greengage’s commitment to driving sustainability in the digital finance sector,” said Sean Kiernan, CEO at Greengage & Co.

“By combining innovative blockchain solutions with a clear focus on SME lending, we are proud to contribute to a more transparent and efficient financial ecosystem.”

Naver partners with Saudi’s NHC for digital twin platform

Naver partners with Saudi’s NHC for digital twin platform

NAVER, South Kore’s largest internet company with investment in Blockchain, is to establish a joint venture with Saudi Arabia’s National Housing Company (NHC), a state-owned company under the Ministry of Municipalities and Housing. The JV will serve as NAVER’s business unit for the Saudi Arabia region, along with NAVER Arabia (tentative name) which will oversee the company’s business in the MENA region.

The JV will operate under NAVER Arabia (tentative name), with the operation and commercialization of the digital twin platform in Saudi Arabia as its core business along with NHC. The JV will also be TEAM NAVER’s first business entity for its technology platform business in the Middle East.

NHC, a key partner of TEAM NAVER in Saudi Arabia, is a state-owned company under the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Municipalities and Housing that is responsible for 70% of real estate transactions in the country. As part of Saudi Arabia’s “Vision 2030” initiative, the company is currently focused on digital transformation such as digital innovation in the real estate sector and smart city development.

Since its establishment in 2016, NHC has been in charge of over 380 projects for real estate development projects including public housing provision, and the value of its real estate portfolio is expected to exceed 60 billion USD (80 trillion KRW) as of the end of 2025. The company has also been selected as the largest real estate developer in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) by the Construction Week Middle East in 2024.

TEAM NAVER and NHC will operate and commercialize the digital twin platform in Saudi Arabia through the JV, while also developing other businesses such as a public monitoring platform for urban areas and a map-enabled super app for public administration.

“TEAM NAVER’s global competitiveness in technology and business has been recognized by various ministries and organizations in Saudi Arabia, and we are excited to further discover business opportunities with different partners in the region,” said Chae Seon-ju, President of ESG and External Affairs at NAVER.

In April 2024 two blockchain platforms, Klaytn backed by Kakao, and UAE based Finschia backed by Naver an affiliate UAE based LINE Tech Plus merged to create a new unified blockchain platform Kaia, which means “and” in Greek, with a market capitalization of $1 billion.

Kakao, the internet giant behind Korea’s most popular messaging app, operates Klaytn, the country’s largest native blockchain network with a market cap of $671 million. It targets enterprise users with a modular network architecture that enables them to build service chains atop its mainnet.

While Naver, South Korea’s leading search engine, is behind Finschia, a blockchain network developed by its Japanese subsidiary, Line. It operates one of Asia’s largest non-fungible token (NFT) marketplaces.

In August 2024, Naver was set to launch its first digital asset wallet, Naver Pay Wallet, for the Korean market. It partnered with Chiliz, a blockchain provider for sports and entertainment, as the inaugural blockchain for the wallet.

UAE to witness tokenization of 10,000 electric motorcycles

UAE to witness tokenization of 10,000 electric motorcycles

UAE based Layer1 blockchain platform for tokenization, MANTRA has partnered with UAE based Pyse, a sustainability-driven RWA platform, to finance the deployment of electric motorcycles for logistics and delivery services across the Emirates. This collaboration will kick off with initial deliveries of the striking pink electric vehicles (EVs) in Dubai as Pyse aims to tokenize more than 10,000 electric motorcycles on the MANTRA Chain by the end of 2025.

Earlier this year, MANTRA selected Pyse as a key member of the MANTRA Incubator program as part of its commitment to fostering innovative solutions in the green technology sector.

“Dubai’s logistics and food delivery sector is on the brink of an electric revolution,” said Kaustubh Padakannaya, Co-founder of Pyse. “Our partnership with MANTRA allows us to tokenize the leasing of electric motorcycles, making them accessible to retail audiences. This initiative celebrates Dubai’s sustainability goals while providing affordable mobility for all the rider heroes.”

Pyse goes beyond traditional models, enabling individuals to offset their carbon footprint and earn returns by investing directly in green assets like electric mobility and renewable energy. The MANTRA pink bike was revealed in October during Binance Blockchain Week in Dubai.

MANTRA CEO & Co-Founder John Patrick Mullin commented, “As the demand for eco-friendly delivery solutions in the region rises, this partnership positions MANTRA Chain and Pyse at the forefront of bringing quality and purposeful RWAs onchain. The deployment of these eye-catching pink EV motorcycles marks a significant step towards achieving Dubai’s ambitious sustainability goals.”

The MANTRA Incubator Program launched in June 2024. Pyse participated in the inaugural cohort alongside two projects in real estate and finance. The incubated projects received support and mentorship to build robust decentralized applications on MANTRA’s infrastructure.

In March 2024, MANTRA Chain raised $11 million led by UAE based Shorooq Partners with investors including Three-point capital, Forte Securities, VirtuZone, Hex Trust and GameFi Ventures. The news which was published in Coindesk stated, that Mantra Chain was in the final stages of receiving licenses from Dubai’s crypto regulator, VARA.

Later in July 2024, UAE based MAG Group Holding a multinational consolidation of different companies and sectors, the group’s portfolio includes real estate, contracting & engineering, industrial & commercial trading, freight services, and hospitality announced it would tokenize $500 million worth of real estate assets with UAE based Mantra a Blockchain Layer 1 RWA ( Real world assets) tokenization platform.

Avalanche partners with Saudi Arabian Oumla Blockchain

Avalanche partners with Saudi Arabian Oumla Blockchain

Saudi based Blockchain Layer 1 platform Oumla has partnered with Avalanche Blockchain with the aim of creating Saudi Arabia’s first Layer One Blockchain fully hosted in KSA.


As per the X post, ” This collaboration will support startups and SMEs, driving technological innovation across Saudi Arabia and the MENA region.”

In the X post for Oumla they stated, ” By bringing a secure, locally-hosted blockchain platform closer to home, we’re paving the way for growth and innovation aligned with Saudi Vision 2030. This partnership is part of our larger mission to develop the products the region needs to thrive in Web3 and blockchain technology, preparing the MENA market for a seamless transition into the digital future.
We’re excited to bring this vision to life and drive the next wave of technological transformation!”

Oumla in Saudi, offers an intuitive infrastructure that caters to both businesses and government entities. The platform offers a suite of APIs and SDKs, enabling developers to build applications on top of any blockchain, including Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-based networks, without the need to master complex, low-level blockchain-specific protocols.

As per Oumla, its tools are designed to accelerate time to market, enhance development capabilities, and reduce security concerns, making it easier for developers to focus on innovation rather than the intricacies of blockchain technology.

Oumla recently launched a multichain platform, allowing developers to seamlessly integrate and operate across multiple blockchain infrastructures, further expanding the possibilities for innovative projects and solutions.

Recently Oumla received investment from Saudi based Adaverse, a venture capital fund and Web3 accelerator.

The Blockchain ecosystem is growing in Saudi Arabia. In 2024 Adaverse published its first Web3 ecosystem report for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showcasing growth, opportunities, as well as challenges. Since its inception, Adaverse has funded 54+ startups across Asia, the Middle East and Africa.

According to the Adaverse report, Saudi Arabia is well positioned to witness growth in the Web3 ecosystem. One of the main reasons is that is it the largest market in GCC with a youthful and tech savvy population. Already 63% of its 36 million residents are under 30, and 99% of Saudi residents are connected to the internet.

In addition, the ambitious Vision 2030 initiative further strengthens this by fostering a robust tech and innovation ecosystem. Saudi Arabia has also seen growth in funding for startups and Web3 ventures.

In 2024, according to Digital Digest, MENA based startups secured $429 million across 163 deals, with Saudi startups receiving 515 of the funding across 36.2% of the deals.

ADGM regulatory authority releases consultation paper for security tokens, stablecoins and more

ADGM regulatory authority releases consultation paper for security tokens, stablecoins and more

UAE ADGM regulatory authority, the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) has published a consultation paper No.10 to propose amendments on various regulations including those related to virtual assets. The amendments discuss, Digital security tokens, commodity tokens, stablecoins, and utility tokens.

As per the announcement, The proposed miscellaneous amendments result from the FSRA’s desire to simplify, clarify and correct certain requirements where appropriate and necessary, but are also in response to the FSRA’s experience of operating such legislation in practice.

The consultation period will close on 10 December 2024.

Digital Securities

In terms of virtual assets under the title “Regulation of Digital security offerings, virtual assets under the FSMR (ICO Guidance) and its Guidance on Regulation of Digital Securities activity in ADGM, it deals with the FSRA’s treatment of virtual assets and the financial activities that can be conducted in relation to them within ADGM.

The FSRA has defined Virtual Assets in the FSMR, as Digital Securities, which means digital or virtual tokens that have features and characteristics of a Security under the FSMR (such as Shares, Debentures and Units in a Collective Investment Fund).

As such all financial services activities in relation to Digital Securities, such as operating primary / secondary markets, dealing / trading / managing investments in or advising on Digital Securities, are subject to the relevant regulatory requirements under the FSMR.

Virtual assets as Commodities

In addition, market intermediaries and market operators dealing or managing investments in Digital Securities need to be licensed / approved by FSRA as FSP holders (including as Multilateral Trading Facilities), Recognised Investment Exchanges or Recognised Clearing Houses, as applicable “Virtual Assets” such as non-fiat virtual currencies, crypto ‘exchange tokens.

The Guidance also discusses virtual assets treated as commodities where only activities in Accepted Virtual Assets will be permitted.

In terms of capital formation activities, they are not within the virtual asset framework offered by FSRA in ADGM. While Derivatives and Collective Investment Funds of Virtual Assets, Digital Securities and Utility Tokens regulated as Specified Investments under the FSMR will need to be licensed by FSRA as FSP holders.

Utility Tokens

When it comes to Utility Tokens, which means tokens that can be redeemed for access to a specific product or service and are not for investment, they are also not regulated.

Stablecoins

Fiat tokens or stablecoins, which are fully backed by underlying fiat currencies which are used as a payments instrument for the purposes of money transmission will be licensed and regulated by the FSRA as providing money services.