The Hashgraph Association (THA), a Swiss innovation leader at the forefront of empowering a digital future for all, and Taurus, a digital asset infrastructure provider, have partnered to drive global adoption of Hedera’s distributed ledger technology (DLT) with a focus on fast-growing regions. The collaboration will enable the integration of HBAR, Hedera’s native cryptocurrency, and the Hedera Token Service (HTS) – an API that enables the configuration, minting, and management of fungible and non-fungible tokens on the Hedera Network, into Taurus’s platform.

In close partnership with The Hashgraph Association, the full integration enables secure custody, staking, and asset tokenization for regulated financial institutions and provides them access to Hedera’s fast, secure, and sustainable distributed ledger technology. Taurus’s state-of-the-art technology stack, which specializes in custody, tokenization, and node infrastructure, will allow banks and other financial institutions to securely custody and stake HBAR and issue Hedera-based tokenised assets while meeting regulatory and stringent security standards.

Beyond the technical integration, this strategic collaboration between The Hashgraph Association and Taurus aims to catalyze growth and expand institutional adoption of Hedera’s decentralized enterprise-grade solutions across the financial and banking industry globally, primarily targeting Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Hedera leverages its unique Hashgraph consensus algorithm to achieve unmatched speed, security, and scalability. Its low, predictable fees, and carbon-negative footprint make it ideal for enterprise applications ranging from decentralized finance to sustainability solutions to supply chain management. Governed by the 32-member Hedera Governing Council, which includes some of the world’s leading organizations including Boeing, Dell, Google, IBM, LG, Standard Bank, Hitachi, and TATA, Hedera offers a trusted and robust quantum-resistant infrastructure for businesses and institutions.

Kamal Youssefi, President of The Hashgraph Association, stated, “Taurus is a world-class, secure platform for digital asset management. With increasingly positive market sentiment and a more established regulatory landscape, demand for institutional-grade custody and tokenisation has ramped up of late. It is a great pleasure to work with the Taurus team to integrate Hedera and enable new opportunities in secure digital assets.”

Lamine Brahimi, Taurus Co-Founder and Managing Partner, added, “Adding HBAR to our platform reflects our commitment to supporting the world’s most advanced blockchain and distributed ledger technologies. We are excited to work with The Hashgraph Association to provide institutional clients with the tools they need to securely store and issue HBAR, while contributing to the wider adoption of its ecosystem.”

After last week’s swirl of tokenization news across the UAE, New Earth Labs has established their company in RAK Digital Assets Oasis. in the UAE. As per their announcement, this step is an important part of their mission to blend sustainability with blockchain innovation.

New Earth Labs has a mission to empower industries to raise capital and mobilize resources for climate smart infrastructure projects. Using tokenization of Real World Asset, the company wants to create wealth through fractional ownership. Their platform brings opportunities in the agriculture, renewable energy, and entertainment among other industries.

Additionally in terms of technology, their platform is powered by NewR Protocol which creates treasuries, facilitates seamless value transfer, and implements governance for communities around tokenized assets.

The UAE is witnessing an influx when it comes to tokenization platforms. Last week TokinVest received its license from VARA, and one of the biggest conglomerates in the UAE, DAMAC signed a $1 billion tokenization project with Mantra Blockchain.

Further more, Hamilton just raised $1.7 million for their tokenization platform.

The tokenization of real-world assets (RWAs) is set to reach unprecedented heights in 2025, with predictions suggesting that the market could surpass $500 billion, excluding stablecoins. Real estate alone provides over $30 billion in value, demonstrating savings through tokenizing HELOCs, alternative financing, collateralized loans, on-chain title, funds, and more.

Mckinsey report that $2 trillion of tokenized securities by 2030.

On January 21st 2025, Fasanara Capital Ltd (“Fasanara”), a London-based institutional investment manager and global leader in digital finance with over $4 billion in assets under management, launched its first tokenized Money Market Fund, the “Fasanara MMF Token” (“FAST”), held on the Polygon PoS (Proof of Stake) public blockchain. Developed in collaboration with Apex Group, Tokeny, Chainlink, Fireblocks, and XBTO, FAST offers investors a faster, more cost-effective, and transparent way to access money market investments.

Hamilton, a Real-World Assets (RWA) protocol built on Bitcoin, redefining access to traditional financial instruments like U.S. Treasuries, real estate, and funds by turning them into secure, accessible digital assets a protocol has closed a $1.7M pre-seed funding round led by DisrupTech Ventures.

With participation from CMS, DeSpread, Hyperithm, Core Ventures, and other strategic investors, it is bridging traditional finance with Bitcoin by making tokenized real-world assets—such as T-Bills, Sukuk, and real estate—accessible to institutions and individuals worldwide.

Hamilton is co-founded by Egyptian nationals, Mohamed Elkasstawi and Ehab Zaghloul, seasoned blockchain and fintech innovators.

Hamilton, leverages Bitcoin’s unmatched security and decentralization to tokenize real-world assets. With the RWA market projected to reach $30 trillion by 2030, Hamilton is creating a protocol to make financial products globally accessible and inclusive, with a strong focus on emerging markets.

“Bitcoin isn’t just digital gold—it’s the foundational layer of future capital markets,” said Mohamed Elkasstawi, CEO of Hamilton. “With unparalleled security, decentralization, and resilience, Bitcoin provides the ideal infrastructure to democratize access to capital markets for everyone, everywhere.”

Hamilton tackles systemic barriers to financial access by offering low-cost, stable financial products—managed by top asset managers—for emerging markets, where currency devaluation and economic instability restrict growth and financial security.

The company is launching three flagship offerings: HUSD, the first Bitcoin-native stablecoin backed by U.S. Treasury bills; HUST, tokenized U.S. Treasuries; and Publius, a platform enabling financial institutions to securely tokenize any asset on Bitcoin. Together, these offerings provide institutions and individuals with seamless access to capital markets on the world’s most decentralized network.

The protocol’s inaugural transaction, completed on July 4, 2024, marked a significant milestone by tokenizing U.S. Treasury bills on Bitcoin Layer 2 solutions Stacks, Core, and BoB. The timing, coinciding with America’s Independence Day, reflects Hamilton’s vision of advancing financial independence and innovation through decentralized finance (DeFi).

Speaking to Lara on the Block, El Kasstawi stated, ” Tokenization will unlock liquidity which is not only global need but also a bigger one in the MENA region. I would never trust real world assets on a ledger that’s not immutable and never had a down time. That’s why we chose to tokenize on Bitcoin and we are the first to do so.”

“Investments in gold, Treasury bills, and fixed income products have traditionally been exclusive to individuals and institutions with millions in capital. Hamilton is breaking down these barriers through tokenization, enabling anyone, anywhere in the world, to participate in these institutional-grade investments with just one dollar,” said Malek Sultan, Co-Founder and Partner of DisrupTech Ventures.

Tokenization in the region has become a center of investment and deals, with the latest being DAMAC’s $1 billion tokenization of its assets.

In July 2024 Hamilton launched tokenized United States Treasury bonds on Bitcoin layer-2 blockchains. The company claimed the launch is the first of its kind. Hamilton U.S. T-Bills (HUST) were said to be available on the Stacks, Core and BoB (Build on Bitcoin) Bitcoin layer-2 solutions. The first transaction with HUST occurred on July 4th 2024.

Tokinvest, a marketplace for real-world asset investing, recently received a full market license from the Dubai Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) showcasing the growing role tokenization is playing in the UAE and globally. Founder Scott Thiel noted that tokenization will play a critical role in shaping the UAE’s digital assets and blockchain ecosystem, while VARA’s CEO believes this is the year of tokenization.

The company founded by Scott Thiel and Matt Blom aims to break down barriers to exclusive investments. The aim is to offer fractionalized investments in premium assets accessible to everyone – in a safe, secure and regulated platform leveraging blockchain technology.

Speaking to Lara on the Block, Thiel noted, “We believe tokenization will play a critical role in shaping the UAE’s digital assets and blockchain ecosystem. Dubai, through VARA, has positioned itself as a global leader with its innovative and forward-thinking regulatory framework. Tokenization of RWAs represents the next evolution in web3 and delivers on blockchain’s promise to make investments more accessible, transparent and liquid.”

Thiel adds that their thesis is to bring the best and most desirable investment products to the market making them accessible and cost effective.

The main industries that Tokinvest will be entering are funds, real estate and commodities. He explains, ” These sectors contain some of the most prestigious and traditionally exclusive assets. Their high value and limited accessibility make them ideal for fractionalization, unlocking opportunities for a much wider pool of investors.”

Thiel confirms as well that in the next months the focus will be on the UAE market, while not ruling out future expansions into other markets. He explains, ” Our current priority is delivering on our commitment to building a robust and secure ecosystem under VARA’s regulatory framework. Receiving the VARA license validates our innovative approach to fractional investing and positions us as a trusted partner in the evolving financial landscape. We believe that offering fractional investments of the most prestigious assets will democratize access and make it easier for individuals and institutions alike to unlock the value and create liquidity for real-world assets.”

Tokinvest has secured a pipeline of elite assets from leading real estate developers, fund managers and commodities trading venues and will be bringing these tokenised assets to market in the coming weeks and months. The company is dedicated to fostering a robust ecosystem, facilitating broader access to the best products in the world while prioritising investor protection.

The full market license allows Tokinvest to operate as a Virtual Asset Broker-Dealer; and to serve retail, qualified, and institutional investors in and from Dubai, further enhancing the accessibility and appeal of fractionalised investments.

Belal Jassoma, Director of Ecosystems, DMCC said: “Tokinvest’s achievement reflects the leading ecosystem we have established for Web3 businesses and supports our vision to grow web3 adoption and RWA. This milestone demonstrates Dubai’s standing as a pioneering market in the crypto space, with a clear and progressive regulatory framework that enables companies to innovate and operate securely. We are proud to support Tokinvest and all of our members scale up and tap into global markets across DMCC’s international business district.”

DAMAC $1 billion tokenization deal

It would seem that Thiel is not the only one who believes that tokenization will play a critical role in UAE. The Tokinvest license comes days after DAMAC and Mantra, an RWA focused Layer 1 blockchain announced a deal to tokenize $1 billion worth of assets.

Even Zand Bank PJSC, the digital bank licensed by the Central Bank of the UAE, and MANTRA, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to streamline the process of real-world asset tokenization, including the identification, listing and distribution of RWAs.

VARA CEO Mathew White notes 2025 year of tokenization

Meanwhile, Mathew White, CEO of Dubai’s Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA) this week also noted in a LinkedIn post that he believes 2025 is the year of tokenization of real-world assets. He stated, ” Tokenized RWAs are on-chain representations of ownership in, or rights and obligations related to, assets like real estate, debt, equity, and other traditionally more illiquid financial assets. Tokenization can make them globally accessible and tradable, while also opening investment opportunities to individuals previously excluded from these asset markets.”

Given that over $50 billion RWAs have already been tokenized, and predictions that this number may reach $500 billion in 2025, White believes that it is clear that tokenization is no longer a buzzword. He states, “It is reshaping industries and redefining how assets are owned, valued, and exchanged.”

Investor preferences are evolving, leading to further adoption and capital inflows into tokenized assets, including over $30 billion in real estate ownership, according to the piece. He also notes that the $500 billion RWA tokenization figure does not include stablecoins.

In his concluding remarks he believes that the vision is also reflected in Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority [VARA]’s objectives, as well as the UAE’s strategy to promote sustainable growth and development within the finance sector. He states, “Consider the scale of the opportunity in Islamic finance alone: the market is valued at around $4 trillion globally and is expected to soar to some $6 trillion by 2026. The potential for the tokenization of Shariah-compliant RWAs is significant.”

UAE regulated Scintilla an institutional-grade tokenization platform, and Verseprop, a digital platform specializing in tokenized real estate equity and debt, have partnered to offer financial engineering solutions to the Real Estate sector and introduce advanced tokenization solutions that bring greater efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity to the market, alongside cost savings and distribution. 

Verseprop, founded in 2021 by a former senior executive from CBRE and Savills, is a  Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) Appointed Representative, headquartered in London, specializing in real estate debt and equity. Its current focus is short-duration, first and  second-charge UK real estate debt, which grants strong investor protections at viable  yields and is asset backed.

Scintilla, licensed by Dubai’s Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA), brings a powerful tokenization engine and its broker/dealer license and services to the table, solidifying its reputation as a leader in digital asset innovation. 

“Verseprop is not just tokenizing real estate equity and debt; we are fundamentally  reshaping how people access real estate and how asset owners think about distribution,”  said Joel Coren, CEO of Verseprop. “Our platform offers a seamless, transparent, and digital way for investors to access high-quality real estate opportunities that were  previously out of reach, and asset owners to reach them.”

Verseprop provides real estate owners access to state-of-the-art financial and tokenization services that also streamline the process for raising capital for equity, debt or a hybrid mix, while Scintilla will deliver the core  tokenization technology and broker/dealer services necessary to facilitate the distribution  of these digital tokens in the UAE.

For investors, this collaboration unlocks access to  diversified real estate opportunities while enjoying the efficiency and lower costs provided  by blockchain technology. 

“Scintilla is delighted to join forces with Verseprop to redefine how real estate assets are  tokenized and traded,” said Tim Popplewell, founder and CEO of Scintilla. “This  collaboration marks a significant step in our journey to bring institutional-grade solutions  to the digital asset space, opening up new avenues for investors and developers alike.” 

This announcement comes at the heels of the DAMAC Mantra tokenization deal.

Scintilla Acquires TOKO

Scintilla, bought out TOKO FZE registered and licensed out of Dubai UAE by VARA ( Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority) as a crypto exchange and broker. Originally developed within DLA Piper’s Law& innovation portfolio, the former TOKO brand has evolved into Scintilla with a fresh identity, new leadership, and groundbreaking product offerings.

UAE DAMAC Group, with a portfolio of real estate developments, hospitality, data centers and more has signed an agreement with UAE based Mantra blockchain to tokenize the company’s asset for financing.

As per the press release, the collaboration between MANTRA and the DAMAC Group will enable token-based financing for a diverse range of assets within the group’s extensive portfolio of companies, with a minimum value of US$1 billion.

The DAMAC Group assets will be available in early 2025, exclusively on MANTRA Chain. DAMAC Group is leveraging blockchain technology to bring greater transparency, security, and accessibility to DAMAC Group’s wide-ranging assets.

“This partnership with DAMAC Group is an endorsement for the RWA industry. We’re thrilled to partner with such a prestigious group of leaders that share our ambitions and see the incredible opportunities of bringing traditional financing opportunities onchain,” said John Patrick Mullin, CEO of MANTRA.

Amira Sajwani, Managing Director of Sales & Development at DAMAC, said, “DAMAC is always exploring new technologies to enhance our product offerings. Partnering with MANTRA is a natural extension of our commitment to innovation and forward-thinking solutions. Tokenizing our assets will provide investors with a secure, transparent, and convenient way to access a wide range of investment opportunities.”

This comes days after DAMAC Group announced investing $20 billion in datacenters in the USA.

Additionally this is not the first partnership for MANTRA. In November 2024, MANTRA, partnered with Libre Capital, a UAE-headquartered financial instruments tokenization and issuance platform, to provide investors with onchain access to a diverse range of attractive investment funds.

While in July 2024, UAE based MAG Group Holding a multinational consolidation of different companies and sectors, announced it would tokenize $500 million worth of real estate assets with UAE based Mantra Blockchain.

Tokinvest DMCC, a marketplace for real-world asset tokenization and provisional Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) licensed brokerage, has expanded its collaboration with Universal Digital Payments Network (UDPN) to launch a Tokenized Deposit and Stablecoin Management System.

The market cap of stablecoins and tokenized deposits grew to $197.5bn, up from $171.6bn at the start of November, according to rwa.xyz1, and is forecast to experience rapid expansion and diversification in the coming years. These “digital dollars” can be collateralized by a diverse range of assets including fiat currency, gold, treasuries and other tangible or financial assets. For regulated digital currency issuers, they represent a transformative opportunity to enhance liquidity, streamline cross-border transactions and dramatically speed up and reduce costs for business processes such as clearing and settlement.

Scott Thiel, CEO of Tokinvest, said, “The UAE now benefits from regulatory clarity around the launch of stablecoins under the VARA and Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (CBUAE frameworks). The Tokinvest Tokenized Deposit and Stablecoin Management System provides a turnkey full-service solution to the growing list of banks, government entities, and corporates with ambitions to launch and manage their own tokenized deposit or stablecoin using what we have assessed to be the best tokenized deposit and stablecoin management platform in the world today. It also enables us to support retail businesses looking to migrate their loyalty programs from the traditional loyalty point debt model to a tokenized consumer engagement model that sits on their balance sheet as a credit.”

The solution is a bank-grade product licensed to Tokinvest under a white-label reseller and support agreement recently concluded between the parties. The Tokinvest solution provides high-availability, open APIs for core banking system integration and third-party access to all tokenised deposit / stablecoin / loyalty programs via one single management portal. It also offers leading-edge security features such as air gap minting, role-based management, private-key approval mechanisms, 2FA login, Illicit activity screening, wallet/fund freeze/unfreeze and multi-signature controls. The solution supports multiple systems and different blockchain protocols under one unified management portal.

Tim Bailey, Vice President of Global Business & Operations of UDPN co-developer Red Date Technology, added, “Having collaborated for several years with the Tokinvest leadership, we are excited to appoint them as a partner and reseller of the tokenised deposit and stablecoin platform and to support the growth and adoption of fiat referenced virtual assets and payment tokens in MENA and Africa.”

Tokinvest is committed to the responsible development of the regulated virtual assets ecosystem in the UAE. The partnership with UDPN and the launch of the Tokenised Deposit and Stablecoin Management System represents a significant milestone in that journey.

Abu Dhabi based, G42, a global leader in creating visionary artificial intelligence for a better tomorrow announced a strategic investment in Inveniam, an innovator in private market financial technology that utilizes DLT technology to tokenize assets.

As per the announcement, this marks a significant step in G42’s mission to apply cutting-edge AI solutions to industries that are critical to global economies but remain underserved by technology.

Inveniam’s pioneering data architecture and expertise in private market systems align seamlessly with G42’s advanced AI capabilities. The collaboration will enable secure, privacy-first solutions for managing sensitive financial data while improving efficiency and transparency in private markets.

As per G42 this partnership underscores G42’s commitment to building transformative, AI-driven ecosystems that reshape industries for the better. Inveniam’s innovative technology and leadership make it the ideal partner to drive meaningful change in private markets globally.

With regards to Inveniam, which has raised over $120 million previously, the partnership is important because of their need for AI to deliver the world’s leading solutions for Private Markets.

Private markets, the realm of real estate, private equity, private credit and infrastructure investments, represent the world’s largest asset class, worth hundreds of trillions of dollars. Yet despite their massive size, these markets operate much like they did decades ago, with scattered data, manual processes, and long transaction times. Inveniam have spent years building technology to solve this problem, creating the infrastructure that allows these assets to be managed, shared and traded with the efficiency of public markets, while keeping sensitive data secure and in the clients’ systems using agents.

Patrick O’Meara, Chairman & CEO, Inveniam noted, ” As we built our solution, we realized that it would not be a single new technology that transforms this market. It is the convergence of AI, DLT, and DeFi. There were a number of significant technical barriers, but these have been overcome in the past several years. Now, Inveniam is utilizing these technologies together at scale. Inveniam’s platform delivers trust in the source data with visibility, transparency, and auditability around the automation which we refer to as Smart Provenance™. This context, attribution, and trust opens the door for enterprise use against private market assets.”

Inveniam and G42 will offer solutions that deliver trust in the value of underlying assets for investors exchanging billions of dollars daily on private market funds, indices, derivatives, and eventually the underlying assets.

G42 has built some of the most advanced AI systems in the world and partners with leading organizations across industries and geographies.

Enterprises need a tool to get their data ready for AI and maintain readiness for automation tools, such as AI. This is where Inveniam’s sophisticated permissions and workflow solutions allow for management of data operations in a decentralized data environment with a focus on the unstructured data associated with private markets.

Both companies will be building something that hasn’t existed before a comprehensive technology platform that combines G42’s AI capabilities with Inveniam’s data architecture. The world’s first private markets derivatives exchange, beginning with real estate, that enables these assets to be traded dramatically more efficiently, with a target of reaching the efficiency of the public markets.


From this foundation of permissioned-access to trusted data, The partnership with G42 provides the resources for the next several years of operations as well as technological capabilities to expand to all private markets – from infrastructure projects to private equity investments.

We’re building the infrastructure that will allow the world’s largest asset class to operate with the efficiency of public markets while maintaining privacy and control that private market participants require. This leapfrogging of public market centralized data solutions will transform Private Markets. With G42 and our ecosystem of partners, we are starting to deliver this reality.

Siraj Finance PJSC, a private joint stock company based in Abu Dhabi and regulated by the UAE Central Bank, offering a multitude of financial products, designed in compliance with Islamic Shari’ah principles and ASSNTURE Limited a registered in Abu Dhabi ADGM ( Abu Dhabi Global Market) as a technology startup providing Asset Tokenization and Digital Assets Infrastructure Solutions signed a strategic partnership during ADWF ( Abu Dhabi Finance Week), to explore solutions in asset tokenization and digital assets.

As per the announcement, this collaboration represents a shared commitment to leveraging blockchain technology to redefine financial services, with a focus on enabling secure, efficient, and compliant tokenization of real-world assets.

Siraj Finance and ASSNTURE aim to combine their expertise to pilot and commercialize asset tokenization solutions that align with the regulatory frameworks of the Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM). By integrating cutting-edge blockchain technology, the two entities intend to provide clients with alternative liquidity solutions and expand access to high-value assets for a broader range of investors.

Commenting on the occasion, Mr. Mohamed Rusan Fyroze, CEO of Siraj Finance said, “This collaboration highlights Siraj Finance’s vision to lead the adoption of next-generation financial solutions in the UAE, aligning with our mission to empower businesses and individuals with innovative and compliant tools.”

Mr. Ihsan Khelef, Founder and Managing Director of ASSNTURE Limited added, “Partnering with Siraj Finance during ADFW reflects ASSNTURE’s dedication to building a robust ecosystem for tokenized assets. Together, we are setting the foundation for a new era in financial services.”

In October 2024, ASSNTURE launched “TradeDesk,” a blockchain-based platform designed to revolutionize the management and settlement of trade finance transactions for finished goods, raw materials, and commodities.

Paxos, a regulated blockchain and tokenization infrastructure platform, has partnered with Standard Chartered to enhance Global Dollar (USDG) and Lift Dollar (USDL) reserve management. Standard Chartered will provide cash management, trading, and custody services, further strengthening the infrastructure supporting the trusted digital assets in Singapore and UAE.

Both USDG and USDL are fully backed and trusted stablecoins issued under prudential regulatory oversight. Paxos maintains rigorous standards in reserve management and exclusively holds short-term, highly liquid US government securities and cash equivalents to ensure that stablecoins maintain 1:1 parity with the US dollar. This guarantees seamless convertibility to fiat currency while reinforcing trust in Paxos’ ecosystem.

Through this collaboration, Standard Chartered will support Paxos’ global tokenization platform by offering seamless integration with a comprehensive suite of banking capabilities across transaction banking, financial markets, and securities services.

Adam Ackermann, Head of Treasury and Portfolio Management at Paxos, said, “As the stablecoin industry continues to attract the world’s leading enterprises, it’s more important than ever to ensure they have access to sophisticated, institutional-grade products. Standard Chartered’s commitment to risk management, compliance and operational efficiency across its world-class banking solutions is critical to Paxos as a regulated stablecoin issuer.”

John Collura, Global Head of Banks & Broker Dealer Sales and Head of Europe & Americas for Financing and Securities Services at Standard Chartered, added, “Our partnership with Paxos reflects Standard Chartered’s commitment to shaping the future of digital finance with trust and innovation. By providing robust cash management, trading, and custody services, we’re enabling the next generation of secure and regulated digital assets solutions that drive global adoption and economic inclusion.”

Global Dollar (USDG) is a US dollar-backed stablecoin issued by Paxos Digital Singapore, and is substantively compliant with the Monetary Authority of Singapore’s (MAS) upcoming stablecoin regulatory framework. This ensures USDG meets the highest standards of consumer protection and regulatory compliance. Paxos International, which is regulated by the Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Abu Dhabi Global Market, launched the US dollar-backed stablecoin Lift Dollar (USDL) earlier this year. USDL passes daily programmatic safe yield to its end holders.