During the recent MENA FATF (Financial Action Task Force) regional body’s workshop attendees adopted several recommendation proposes by Abu Dhabi including those pertaining to virtual assets, in the fight against money laundering, and terrorism.

The Abu Dhabi recommendations consist of 24 best practice commitments made by MENAFATF member states for enhancing regional efforts to counter money laundering and financing of terrorism.

The recommendations were agreed at the closing of the MENAFATF Typologies and Capacity Building Workshop held between 6-8 March 2023 under the patronage of H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Chairman of the Higher Committee Overseeing the National Strategy on Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism, and hosted by the UAE Executive Office of Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing (EO AML/CTF) in Abu Dhabi.

Of the 24 recommendation five pertained to virtual assets. The first discussed enhancing MENAFATF countries’ understanding of the requirements of Recommendation 15, including the sectorial risk assessment of virtual assets, given the rapid development in this field.

The second recommendation  urged countries to build capacities in the field of virtual assets with the competent authorities, especially in the field of supervision, control, investigations and management of seized and confiscated assets and the extent of their use in evading sanctions.

While the third recommendation proposed continuing to adopt new technologies to mitigate the risks of virtual assets in partnership with the private sector.

As for the fourth and fifth recommendations, one proposed enhancing national cooperation in following up on issues related to virtual assets between the competent authorities and urged the use of best practices such as specialized task forces (working groups), while the other proposed raising awareness among member countries about the risks of cybercrime, particularly ransom ware and related payment methods, especially concerning VAs.

Suliman Al Jabrin, Executive Secretary of MENAFATF, stated that regional alignment on best practices has created of a set of shared standards that strengthens the national AML/CFT systems of member states. He added, “I am delighted that the 24 recommendations made by MENAFATF members in Abu Dhabi cover a comprehensive range of the most pressing issues facing us today. It is right that the list includes Virtual Assets (VA), ML typologies, Public-Private Partnerships, regional assessments, and multiple means of expanding cooperation. The MENA region plays an important role in the global economy, and the Abu Dhabi recommendations send a strong signal to our international partners that there is no place for financial crime in our part of the world.”

World Economic Forum report entitled “  Pathways to the Regulation of Crypto-Assets”  says UAE crypto asset regulatory framework is an agile one,  defining it as flexible, iterative and proactive which is beneficial because it is flexible, appreciate market maturity and ecosystem development.

According to the WEF report, regulators that fall under this model include the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. FINMA’s token classification prescribes three simple categories: payment tokens, utility tokens and asset tokens. The framework acknowledges hybrid tokens and that a token’s classification may change over time. Following the first classification, FINMA later also published further guidance in

Also included as per the report are the regulatory sandboxes in the EU and India in addition to the UAE. 

Instead of prescribing and enforcing rules, agile regulation adopts a responsive, iterative approach, acknowledging that policy and regulatory development is no longer limited to governments but is increasingly a multi-stakeholder effort. Yet it also faces challenges that include the need for coordination and collaboration being as well plagued with uncertainty. 

Regulatory sandboxes, guidance and regulators’ no-objection letters are all forms of agile regulation that enable the testing of new types of solutions, iterating policy frameworks based on ecosystem evolution and industry needs.

The report sets out to understand and highlight the needs and challenges in developing a global approach to crypto-asset regulation. In doing so, it delves into the various regulatory approaches being adopted by different jurisdictions.

The report developed rankings for each regulatory framework. The rankings covered four areas when analyzing regulatory frameworks and found that the agile regulatory framework is best at promoting innovation. Agile regulatory framework ranks in the middle ground for providing certainty for businesses, addressing data gaps and enforcement effectiveness.

The report finds for example that Regulation by enforcement which the USA falls under is weak in all the above mentioned areas except for enforcement effectiveness.

As per the report the UAE has not only initiated a license regime for crypto assets, but has also carried out consultation for decentralized applications such as DeFi, and DAOs.

In addition the report mentions that few jurisdictions have chosen to address the difficulty of classifying tokens, partially relying instead on the functionality enabled by the token.

For example, Liechtenstein has chosen not to rely solely on classifications but to introduce the token as such as an element in Liechtenstein Law, meaning that the right or asset represented in the token triggers the application of special laws (the so-called “token container model”). This means that the tokenization as such has no legal effect: if a financial instrument is tokenized, the financial market laws are applicable if the activity is regulated, too; if a commodity is tokenized, the laws for commodity trading might be applicable; and so on. For new instruments, such as utility coins and virtual currencies, a new regulation has to be defined.

While in the UAE, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority in Dubai has put forth a framework that is underpinned by overarching regulations and compulsory rulebooks, segregating activities-based rulebooks to rapidly account for novel products, emerging technologies, and new business models that require regulatory capture.

The paper’s findings reinforce the urgent need for policymakers and regulators to collaborate with industry and users to realize the benefits while addressing the risks involved.

Enforcement is still weak globally. For example in the context of AML supervision of crypto-assets, a Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 2021 survey found that oversight remained nascent globally. As stated, “Although many are at different stages, with some countries still finalizing applicable law and policy and a small portion engaging in active supervision, by and large effective enforcement measures remain a work in progress. The result is a complex tapestry of enforcement trends as well as enforcement risks posed by the cross-jurisdictional influence of crypto-assets.”

Even when it comes to the FATF travel rule implementations are also limited. As noted in FATF’s June 2022 targeted update report, interoperability across technical solutions and across jurisdictions is still lacking.

WEF report as such notes that such fragmented enforcement techniques will pose a challenge to the supervision and monitoring of crypto-assets against regulations in the short term and may take many years to standardize.

The report recommends promoting a harmonized understanding of taxonomy/classification of crypto assets and activities, set out best practices and baseline regulatory standards for achieving the desired regulatory outcomes and encourage passportability of entities and data sharing.

Building on this foundational paper, the World Economic Forum’s Blockchain and Digital Assets team will launch an initiative focused on evaluating the outcomes of different regional approaches to regulation. This effort will convene public- and private-sector leaders to reveal first-hand learning’s and the unintended consequences.

But not everyone shares the WEF reports belief that International crypto regulations and standards are possible.  During the Qatar Economic Forum this week, Peter Smith Co-Founder and CEO of Blockchain.com rejected claims of a “United Nations” of crypto as inconceivable. He stated, “A global system to regulate cryptocurrency is unlikely to exist.”

However, the Blockchain chief recalled the recent EU passing of the world’s first comprehensive package as a step forward in cautiously regulating the cryptocurrency industry. In addition, Smith told Bloomberg that regulators that express optimistic calls to crypto would promote development for the industry.

So whether a global harmonic set of crypto assets regulations are formulated or whether regional and national countries work to build their own, the growth of crypto assets cannot be curved by regulators. 

After a meeting between UAE’s UAE Minister of State for Foreign Trade Thani AlZeyoudi and the Founder of Iota, Dominik Schiener, the IoTa Blockchain platform has now been ushered into the UAE’s digital ecosystem. In a tweet on May 25th 2023, Minister Al Zeyoudi states, “Great to meet Dominic Schiener, Co-Founder and Chairman of IOTA and explore ways to introduce their open source blockchain solution to the UAE’s digital ecosystem. With its ability to power a wide range of sectors, it could play a vital role in our advanced technology ambitions.”

This was followed by a tweet by Schiener who replied, “Thank you so much for meeting us Your Excellency Dr. Thani. It’s really inspiring for us to speak with such welcoming and sophisticated leaders like you in the UAE. We are committed to play a key role in the UAE’s continued digital transformation and economic growth.”

IOTA is an open-source distributed ledger and cryptocurrency designed for the Internet of things (IoT). It uses a directed acyclic graph to store transactions on its ledger, motivated by a potentially higher scalability over blockchain based distributed ledgers

On May 18th 2023 in another tweet, Blockchain IOTA Founder Dominik Schiener stated, “It was a pleasure to meet H.E. Abdulla Al Saleh and the team at the Ministry of Economy in UAE today. It’s impressive how they’re leading their digital transformation.”

He added, “We are looking forward to bring IOTA here and create value for the region and the world.”

In the comments it was noted, “Fingers crossed for an ongoing collaboration that propels IOTA to new heights!”

It seems the collaboration is now in full force, welcome Iota to the UAE.

UAE based Web3 Launchpad and consultancy firm has become the Launchpad partner for Boba network to bolster the gaming industry. Together both entities will leverage the strengths and expertise of both organizations. EnjinStarter’ s renowned reputation for providing robust Launchpad services combined with Boba Network’s cutting-edge blockchain technology promises to usher in a new era of innovation and growth.

Announced during 6th Scale event in UAE, EnjinStarter and Boba network shed light on the transformative potential of decentralized gaming. The panelists shared their insights and perspectives on how blockchain technology can drive sustainability, interoperability, and immersive experiences within the metaverse.

Both entities also announced the launch of a new Blockchain gaming project.

EnjinStarter has already supported 70 projects since inception raising a total of $10 million. Since then they have expanded into the MENA region because of its good regulatory environment and innovative infrastructure. EnjinStarter has already received initial approval from Dubai’s Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA) and are now in the process of obtaining a full license to operate.

UAE digital assets infrastructure company, Zero Two, part of sovereign wealth fund ADQ, has purchased 7.3 million megawatt hours of clean energy from EWEC (Emirates Water and Electricity Company), a leading company in the integrated coordination of planning, purchasing, and supply of water and electricity across the UAE. This is the largest single purchase of Clean Energy Certificates (CECs) to date and the first in the digital assets infrastructure sector.

The purchase agreement was signed by Ahmed Al Hameli, Chief Executive Officer of Zero Two; and Othman Al Ali, Chief Executive Officer of EWEC.

Under the purchase agreement, EWEC will provide Zero Two with clean energy certificates to decarbonize its operations and support the company’s progress against sustainability objectives.

Othman Al Ali, Chief Executive Officer of EWEC, said, “Our clean energy transaction with Zero Two provides EWEC with a unique opportunity to further accelerate the country’s energy transition and decarbonization of industries in line with the UAE Net Zero by 2050 strategic initiative.”

He added, “This first-of-its-kind transaction in the digital assets infrastructure sector, which also constitutes the largest ever single CECs purchase to date, demonstrates both EWEC’s and Zero Two’s commitment to supporting the nation’s sustainability and environmental agenda and is an example of the practical and tangible steps UAE entities can take to decarbonize their operations and address the pressing challenge of climate change.”

Ahmed Al Hameli, CEO of Zero Two, said, “The purchase of EWEC’s Clean Energy Certificates demonstrates our dedication to sustainability and commitment to decarbonizing our digital assets infrastructure. Operating our assets with clean energy enables us to support Abu Dhabi’s transformation into a sustainable economic powerhouse while also contributing to the UAE’s long-term vision of a net zero future.”

Zero Two recently partnered with Marathon Digital to build two  bitcoin mining farms in the UAE. 

As the National Bank of Fujairah received two awards for Best Innovation in Trade Finance” and “Most Innovative Trading Platform” for the second consecutive year at the MEA Finance Banking Technology Awards 2023, it announced that its integration of Finverity, a  blockchain-based supply chain financing platform  has resulted in reduced operational costs and the generation of new revenue streams.

In October 2022, Finverity, and the National Bank of Fujairah launch of a partnership to grow supply chain finance (SCF) and account receivables (AR) finance volumes in the MENA region. The partnership has started with Redington Gulf, which will enable the service to reach the maximum number of IT resellers in the UAE.

Under the partnership, Finverity provides a curated origination pipeline, deal structuring and an end-to-end technology platform for ongoing operations and reporting, with NBF underwriting and funding SCF and AR assets on Finverity’s marketplace. The partnership clearly recognizes the key role that Finverity’s platform plays in providing client-centric solutions that channel capital to eligible corporates, enabling them to access trade financing more effectively.

At the time, Venkiteswaran (Venki) Ramasubhramoni, Head of Equipment and Technology Finance at the National Bank of Fujairah, stated, “As a key lender in the technology finance space, NBF has chosen to partner with Finverity as its fintech partner to offer supply chain finance solutions. Given the strategic match, with both parties focused on IT-related trade, we see wider possibilities in this collaboration and the value it could bring. Access to pre-analyzed and pre-negotiated deals on Finverity’s marketplace provides NBF with an effective way to fund a diversified pool of SCF & AR transactions, shorten credit approval cycles and scale our books efficiently. In parallel, Finverity’s technology platform facilitates our total digital offering, ensuring more transparency of the underlying assets being funded, as well as a better user experience.”

The partnership aims to close the $1.7 tn funding gap in global Trade Finance by making Supply Chain Financing of mid-market companies economically viable around the world. We will achieve this through the use of technology and a new approach, providing a more efficient allocation of resources and fair access to capital worldwide.

UAE based HAYVN, a regulated digital asset management financial institution, has recorded returns of 19 percent increase on its crypto index fund since its launch in January 2023.

The index fund for cryptocurrency assets offers clients a diversified, low cost, and regulated strategy to invest in.

According to HAYVN CEO, Christopher Flinos, “The funds early success and HAYVN predictions for a positive long-term trend due to our carefully weighted Top 20 portfolio, has seen the HAYVN 20 become one of the leading fund benchmarks in cryptocurrency markets”.

The HAYVN 20 fund has three distinguishing features, first it is limits the maximum exposure to any one digital asset at 10% creating a more balanced portfolio. Secondly the fund rebalances monthly, allowing HAYVN 20  to capture new trends in the market by increasing its investment in the emerging winners as their market capitalization grows, while reducing exposure to cryptocurrencies which are declining in value.

Finally the fund has daily liquidity which gives investors the freedom to change their allocation anytime.

Flinos added, “Investing in the HAYVN Index Fund offers investors an opportunity to gain exposure to broader cryptocurrency markets without having to worry about managing individual coins and allocations themselves. With its initial track record and performance so far, it provides a solid option for those who want sustainable long-term exposure rather than concentration risk individual coins”.

Majid Al Futtaim, which holds the Carrefour franchise for the Middle East, Asia and Africa, has announced the launch of UAE produced CarreFour fresh Laban, made from 100 percent pure fresh cow’s milk which is traceable on the IBM Blockchain platform.

As per Mohamed Atif, International Product Specialist at Majid Al Futtaim stated on LinkedIn, “Carrefour Fresh Laban comes in 200 ml, 1L and 2L sizes, and is guaranteed to have no milk powder, no water added, and made fresh in the UAE. The product is certified to the Emirates Quality Mark certification, which assures you of the highest standards of quality. We have applied blockchain technology to our product, allowing you to scan the QR code and learn the full details of the product from farm to table. We believe in transparency, and want you to know exactly where your food comes from.”

In 2020 Carrefour internationally announced the roll-out of blockchain technology, and applied it to Carrefour Quality Line salmon, the 25th product to take advantage of it after Auvergne chicken and farmhouse fattened chicken, eggs, oranges, fresh milk and camembert cheese.

Then in February 2021, UAE Majid Al Futtaim leveraged IBM Food Trust, a blockchain-enabled platform for the food industry run on IBM Cloud.

The initiative started with two initial products categories, Carrefour’s fresh chicken brand and microgreens harvested from select in-store hydroponic farms, before expanding into more product lines.

Majid Al Futtaim was also one of the first to accept crypto payments. 

During Corda Day Middle East held on May 11th 2023 in Dubai UAE, speakers from the Central Bank of Saudi Arabia (SAMA) as well as the Central Bank of UAE discussed their CBDC strategies and pilots. Both Central Banks are working with R3 Corda on their CBDC pilot programs, SAMA in its sandbox and UAE Central Bank in their research and development center.

The event as per R3, brought together financial service leaders, technologists and Corda enthusiasts from around the region and the globe. Of the prominent speakers included H.E. Saif Humaid Hamad Al Dhaheri, Assistant Governor – Strategy, Financial Infrastructure and Digital Transformation, Central Bank of UAE and Mr. Mohsen AlZahrani, Virtual Assets (VA) and CBDC program Lead, Saudi Central Bank – SAMA as well as Richard G Brown, Chief Technology Officer, R3.

Al Dhaheri made a keynote address on “Future of Money, CBDC and the Digital Dirham” while AlZahrani carried out the closing Keynote, on the topic of “Wholesale CBDC”

Mohsin AlZahrani told Lara on the Block, “Currently we are working with R3 Corda only for the sandbox experimentation, we have not yet decided on the next phase platform or implementation.”

Farhan Khan, Chief Technology Officer Consultant and advisor in Fintech and Blockchain, who attended the event representing Cykube, spoke to Lara on the Block explaining what he learned about CBDC implementation in UAE and KSA.

Khan explained, “It was an excellent event and very eye opening on how R3 is properly working in the region. What I learned about the CBDC implementation in KSA and UAE is that both are working with R3 but each country has a different approach. Saudi Arabia is working on a wholesale CBDC project for its domestic payment system, while UAE Central Bank is working on CBDC for cross border payments.”

Khan adds, “For example the ABER cross border payment project which was paused might be reutilized in the future as per AlZahrani’s statements at the event. AlZahrani stated that SAMA is utilizing the experience of ABER during the implementation of the CBDC wholesale payment system concept, and there is a chance in the future to use ABER again between KSA and UAE after the experimentation of CBDC wholesale in KSA is completed.”

According to Khan the UAE is working on a prototype with R3 Corda for the digital dirham which is currently under testing in their R&D facility.  

Khan concludes to Lara on the Block saying that R3 Corda has seen a lot of interest because it has very powerful features such as interoperability between blockchain platforms even public ones. He explains, “Fintech entities in both Saudi Arabi and UAE are waiting for the network gates to open, and with the VARA crypto regulations cooking every day we feel the same will be happening in KSA. Corda is the right framework from a technology perspective with its tremendous security, protection, especially when it comes to digitization and tokenization.”

This is reflected in a post by R3’s Chief Technology Officer Richard Brown who states, “Composability and interoperability are critical cogs in the architecture of Corda. With the next generation of Corda, there’s no need to decide on your network model at the outset of a project. Start with a centralized, private network and gradually decentralize over time!”

Brown believes that the success of Corda is because it is a cross-firm shared ledger enabling collaborating parties to transact based on high quality data, without exposing internal data or systems, and with far fewer reconciliation errors. A ledger that could even become the industry’s system of record for some key questions such as ownership of assets (the terms ‘Digital Assets’ and ‘Tokenization’

It is also a permissioning system that provides high identity assurance and gives confidence to regulated entities that they can comply with their legal obligations to know with whom they are transacting. In addition is a  privacy-first design, allowing competitors to trade without revealing sensitive data publicly – only participants in a transaction get to see the details – unlike other blockchain-inspired approaches.

He even goes so far to say that, “We’ve been delighted by how successful Corda has been, far beyond the narrow banking scenarios we originally designed it for. Broadly speaking, we’re seeing it being used to solve four main problems in ‘Regulated DeFi’:”

Japanese Nomura Bank’s, Komainu, a regulated digital asset custody provider, has received an MVP (Minimum Viable Product) operational license from Dubai’s Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA). This is one step from receiving the full operational license. This also follows HexTrust another digital asset custodian who received the license prior. Under the license Komainu will be able to offer both custodial and staking services.

Komainu had received provisional regulatory approval from VARA in July 2022 allowing it to commence operational readiness even as the application goes through the warranted due diligence.

Komainu acts as key gatekeeper to institutions gaining exposure to the digital asset industry with the provision of secure and regulated digital asset custody services for blockchain and beyond. Over the years, Komainu has established itself as one of the leading digital asset custody providers for institutional clients, providing the same safeguards and protections investors are accustomed to in traditional finance. 

Komainu is the first hybrid custodian for institutional digital asset investors created by the Japanese investment bank Nomura, digital asset manager CoinShares and digital asset security company Ledger.