YallaMarket, a Dubai grocery delivery service has announced it intends to embrace crypto payments and utilized Binance Pay and IvendPay for their solution. 

Leo Dovbenko, CEO and co-founder of YallaMarket and YallaHub, commented: “YallaMarket and YallaHub are based in the UAE, a global hub of financial technology, so we couldn’t stand aside. Moreover, our product development strategy is focused on our customers’ evolving demands. Thanks to Binance and ivendPay, we will be able to stay agile, adopt new payment technologies, and focus on providing the best customer service possible.” 

Cryptocurrency payments offer many opportunities for businesses and users alike. As more merchants and consumers adopt this method of making everyday purchases, we will see continued growth and innovation in this space.

This comes after Binance onboarded international payment service ivendPay, as a global cryptocurrency payment gateway for Binance Pay – a contactless, borderless, and secure user-to-user cryptocurrency payment feature on the Binance App.

The partnership will contribute to making cryptocurrencies an even bigger part of users’ everyday life, further extending digital assets’ real-world utility and making payments easier and more accessible. Binance users can now make purchases at all locations of IvendPay’s international network with their crypto.

ivendPay is an international payment service that allows businesses to accept cryptocurrency payments through point-of-sale (POS) terminals, mobile apps, e-commerce platforms, API, and vending machines. Currently, the service operates in seven countries with some 400 active merchants, and the number of new sales points continues to grow weekly.

Pakning Luk, Binance Pay’s regional head of business development, said about the partnership: “We’re more than excited to announce ivendPay as a strategic payment partner as their solutions help both online and offline merchants make users’ payment experience seamless.” 

UAE based VAF Compliance, a virtual assets and fintech compliance firm has launched a telegram bot service that assesses the risks associated with accepting cryptocurrency as payment.

VAF Compliance’s Telegram Bot can help individual clients and small businesses avoid situations where they may unknowingly accept tainted funds. With this service, VAF Compliance aims to democratize access to AML solutions to all users, who now can assess risks before accepting crypto, receive a clear and user-friendly report, understand the risks associated with interacting with other wallets, and prevent the receipt of crypto with criminal origins.Crypto exchanges, the entry point to cryptocurrencies, are particularly vulnerable to compliance issues. To maintain compliance, the implementation of robust Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) policies is essential.

While recent sanctions against entities providing money laundering services to criminals have had a positive impact, alternative money laundering services may still be found, highlighting the need for robust KYC and AML policies in the crypto industry.

The bot is now available in English and Chinese (Mandarin) and will cover over 45 blockchains. It also provides an easy-to-read report to understand the risk level prior to accepting any funds in the user’s wallet. 

 In addition, users have the option to pay fees per report or package, and if they refer the service to others, they can receive free reports that cover more than 70 different risk parameters.

“We are very excited to launch our newest solution, the VAF Compliance Bot service, which provides an easy-to-use, yet comprehensive solution for individuals and small businesses looking to navigate the complex world of crypto compliance,” said Gilson Ribeiro Da Costa, CEO of VAF Compliance.

“We believe our innovative solutions will help our clients achieve their compliance goals, while also enhancing the overall reputation and credibility of the crypto industry.”

Not only does the company offer support to clients in the MENA region, but it also extends its services in countries such as Turkey, Africa, and Europe. In fact, the company has announced its expansion to Switzerland and the establishment of its office in Zug. The team will be led by Farzaad Gaibie, a seasoned financial services consultant with extensive industry knowledge and experience.

The expansion to Zug will enable VAF Compliance to better understand the needs of its clients and offer tailored solutions that meet their unique requirements.

UAE and USA based C1 Secondary’s Fund managed by C1 Investment Advisors LLC, a team of international entrepreneurs and investors, have announced a $500 million investment fund targeting secondary’s in blockchain, crypto, Web3, and Fintech entities.

Secondary funds, commonly referred to as secondaries or continuation transactions, purchase existing interests or assets from primary private equity fund investors. For example, a primary private equity fund may purchase a stake in a private company, and then sell that interest to a secondary buyer.

The C1 Secondary’s Fund is a regulated private investment fund formed for the purpose of investing in secondary’s asset acquisition – the purchase of shares in existing private growth companies. 

 The C1 Fund portfolio focuses on digital assets, blockchain technology and applications, cryptocurrency services (not direct investment in cryptocurrencies), Web3 financial applications, and advanced FinTech.  Sample target company applications include digital assets and cryptocurrency exchanges, payment systems and/or related financial services companies, including wallets, custodian-services, lending, and decentralized finance.

The Fund will invest across multiple geographies but with a focus on secondary’s investments in international markets, especially those with strong and/or growing regulatory regimes.

The C1 Secondary’s Fund is led by Dr. Najamul Kidwai, Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Michael Lempres, Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Michael (Xu) Zhao, Co-Founder and Managing Partner, David Hytha, Co-Founder and Partner, and Cheriyl Lakshmy, Co-Founder, Director of Research and Operations.

The C1 team recently founded and led the successful initial public offering of Crypto 1 Acquisition Corp $230M raise.

C1 Secondary’s Fund Co-Founder and Managing Partner Dr. Najam Kidwai stated, “Despite the so-called Crypto reset, investment in Digital Assets and Crypto-related services continues to grow rapidly.  At its core this is the next digitization of finance”.

The C1 Secondary’s Fund will focus on companies operating under significant regulatory frameworks. Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Michael Zhao stated “the regulated route is the only route for any crypto company’s growth if it wants to be a serious player for the long run. Long gone are the days when digital asset players enjoyed an early-mover advantage and benefited from a fast-growing bull market. Recent crypto market turbulence is just another example that shows why the market needs proper risk control and compliance; we are focused on these companies.”

Over the years, UAE SEED Group has partnered with several or more blockchain and crypto entities as part of its business development activities for the region. Recently SEED Group has partnered with Canadian Blockchain Web 3.0 metaverse company TerraZero technologies, as well as with Farm to Plate , a blockchain-powered SaaS platform built to empower the food supply chain with end-to-end transparency and trust.

 As part of the partnership with TerraZero, Seed Group will help bring its services to SMEs and businesses in the UAE and the Middle East and help them make inroads into the high-potential world of Metaverse.

In reflecting upon the partnership, Hisham Al Gurg, CEO of Seed Group and the Private Office of Sheikh Saeed bin Ahmed Al Maktoum, states, “The Metaverse will become an integral part of all businesses sooner than we realize. The launch of the Dubai Metaverse Strategy was a major step in the direction of turning Dubai into one of the world’s top 10 Metaverse economies as well as a global hub for the Metaverse community. Our partnership with TerraZero seeks to further empower this aim of the emirate. I believe the association will prove fruitful to not just businesses in the UAE but to the regional economic ecosystem on the whole.”

“It is clear where innovation is taking place when it pertains to the future of the Internet and the Metaverse. This is a monumental moment for the industry, and TerraZero sees massive growth potential. Our partnership with the Seed Group will empower the next generation of enterprise businesses and brands to monetize and progress their ecommerce and omnichannel strategies, just as much as we can open the door for legacy corporations and government entities to meaningfully connect with their audiences–and create new ways to build equity in all forms,” says TerraZero CEO Dan Reitzik.

In addition Seed Group onboarded Farm to Plate as its new strategic partner, with an aim to help and guide it to bring its solutions to the UAE and the region. Seed Group will facilitate Farm to Plate’s growth with guidance on how to reach the right audience, access top decision-makers in the government as well as private sectors, and contribute to adding the latest technological innovations in the region.

Farm to Plate is transforming how the food and beverage industry operates through a digital platform that empowers stakeholders to better manage their food supply chain – with visibility from farm to plate. Built by global software developer Paramount Software Solutions, one of the top award-winning tech companies in Atlanta, the Farm To Plate platform uses emerging technologies like Blockchain to work with customers’ existing software assets and provide customisable, secure, web-based visibility of the food and beverage supply chain. With Farm to Plate, stakeholders now have one view of their entire chain of supply – eliminating any chances of data fudging or misalignment. At the same time, the use of blockchain ensures direct financial transactions, secure data management and access controls – creating a truly secure digital ecosystem.

UAE Ghaf Labs, sister company of Ghaf Capital Partners, a premier blockchain consultancy and incubator firm based in the Middle East, focused on cultivating and fostering dynamic startups in the blockchain domain and Republic Crypto, a global blockchain firm that provides end-to-end white glove advisory services to accelerate the best crypto companies from seed to liquidity, have partnered in UAE to offer consulting, acceleration services to blockchain and Web3 entities in MENA.

Obtaining a license from the DIFC in 2022, Republic Crypto is now extending its tech advisory services to the UAE market. This is the first step towards its plan to deliver its full stack of products and services with an intention to enrich and further develop the local and regional web 3 landscape. The company is also committed to contributing to the regional regulatory framework by collaborating with all relevant governmental entities, starting within the UAE.

Republic Crypto is bringing its experience in advising companies and protocols on tokenization, smart contract development, marketing, fundraising, and more.  Republic Crypto will help the region’s startups and businesses tap into and leverage the web 3 industry to further realize their full potential. Avalanche, Dappradar, and Zed are a few of the company’s many successes thus far.

Ghaf Labs will help Republic Crypto identify and support exciting new projects as well as build a strong presence within the UAE. Together, the two firms aim to provide the highest quality service and support for the UAE’s web 3 needs.

Republic Crypto has signed an agreement with MyCo ( formerly MContent ), a Dubai-based web3 streaming platform, to help build their web 3 strategy, making MyCo the first advisory project from the region.  MyCo is the first-of-its-kind vertically integrated streaming platform that empowers creators and users alike and offers a diverse content slate, including film, tv shows, influencer content, live sports, and UGC.

Anwaar AlMahmeed, Managing Director of Republic Crypto in MENA, stated, “At Republic, we have been evaluating the MENA landscape, building our network, and having consistent conversations with investors, startups, and regulators for our various lines of business.  We determined early on that the UAE is a regional leader in the web 3 space. I am excited to finally announce Republic Crypto’s local presence and services, along with our partnership with the wonderful team at Ghaf Labs, a leader in the local UAE market, whom I trust will help build our vision for this market according to our shared values and dreams.  I am confident that this partnership will be able to foster a robust ecosystem of quality and innovation and help shape the future of the industry in the region.”

Feras Al Sadek, Founder and CEO at Ghaf Labs, commented on the partnership, stating that “The expansion of Republic Crypto into the UAE market and its partnership with Ghaf Labs is a significant step forward for the local blockchain industry. By leveraging each other’s networks and experiences, we shall create a very precise strategy based on growth, acceleration, advisory, and consultancy services. This will allow us to provide cutting-edge solutions to our clients and further enrich the blockchain ecosystem around us.”

Global Crypto exchanges, Huobi, Bybit, Equiti, and OKx have all made it to the MVP ( Minimum Viable Product) provisional phase of VARA’s regulatory journey, while crypto.com  and Binance have moved one step forward to the preparatory license phase. 

As per VARA the MVP License is a 3-stage process starting with a (1) Provisional Permit; graduating to a (2) Preparatory License and concluding with an (3) Operating License. Applicants that are already in the MVP process will be advised by VARA to either continue within the MVP licensing process and/or be transitioned to the FMP Licensing process, ensuring a seamless transition with a focus on efficiency.

So far as per VARA the only crypto exchanges in the second phase under preparatory license are Binance and crypto.com. Binance is also in preparatory phase for its payments offering. 

VARA recently announced that Crypto.com move to the preparatory phase of the license after graduating from the provisional phase. 

As per the release, Crypto.com  received this MVP preparatory license after a detailed review of its key personnel, governance procedures, Anti Money Laundering / Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AML / CFT) capabilities, Know Your Customer (KYC) and Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) policies and procedures, cross-border safety and security measures, and best-in-class compliance practices. 

“We are pleased to welcome Crypto.com to the MVP Programme preparatory phase,” said Henson Orser, Chief Executive Officer of VARA. “VARA’s regulatory framework will be instrumental in creating and managing a unique, resilient and securely future-proofed ecosystem that delivers a sustainable and thriving global best-in-class VA market with secure cross-border interoperability. As such, participation from credible players like Crypto.com will further our mission of delivering a progressive and future-focused regulatory framework”.

“This achievement is the next significant step for Crypto.com in an incredibly important market for our business and industry,” said Kris Marszalek, CEO of Crypto.com. “With the MVP preparatory license, we look forward to continuing to work with regulators in providing customers the most comprehensive and secure crypto experience.”

Only VASPs that receive a final approval post review from VARA – and receive the FMP License, are in a position to undertake any regulated VA activities, or offer such services to and/or from the Emirate of Dubai.

The only entity in VARA that has reached one stage before a fully operational license is HexTrust which provides crypto custody and staking services.

During a recent interview by LaraontheBlock with the CEO of VARA, Orser explains how VARA will be offering more licenses in areas such as DAOs, DeFi, Crypto mining, and more. He also explains what is of most importance to VARA as a regulator.

UAE’s DMCC, freezone has awarded blockchain AI Columbian startup EatCloud with the Impact scale program award. EatCloud is one of three startups to win cash prizes of $49,000 for ‘DMCC Impact Scale-Up Program Powered by C3’.

The six-month program supports the growth of impact-driven businesses that align with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and it represents a part of DMCC’s ESG strategy. As the UAE prepares to host COP28 and lead the conversation that drives the global sustainability agenda, the program comes to an end. Fifteen impact-driven SMEs addressing some of the world’s most pressing sustainability challenges pitched their companies to a panel of business experts from PwC, Global Ventures, Astrolabs, and Brunswick in a pitch day that marked the end of the program.

 

The winners of the program are Grocedy, a Nigerian FoodTech platform that aggregates micropayments from low and middle-income earners towards a monthly food subscription and other micro financial services, EatCloud, a Colombian start-up that uses AI and blockchain technology to redistribute surplus food worldwide, reducing waste and supporting food banks globally, and Chefaa, an Egyptian GPS-enabled pharmacy benefits platform that allows patients to order, schedule and refill recurring prescriptions as well as all pharmacy needs. 

Feryal Ahmadi, Chief Operating Officer, DMCC, said, “As DMCC continues to place Dubai at the heart of global trade, it is essential that we also use our platform to have a positive impact on society. This is a momentous year for the UAE where sustainability is center-stage, and it is also integral to DMCC’s strategy. With 15 companies tackling some of the most pressing environmental and social issues we face today, the first edition of the DMCC Impact Scale-Up Program marks a great success in working towards this goal. Congratulations to all the participants in the program – we are excited to see your successes and your positive impact in the coming years.” 

Khalid Kalbat, Director of Small and Medium Enterprises Development Department at the Ministry of Economy of UAE, added, “This program is a testament to the UAE’s commitment to social and environmental impact and to promoting entrepreneurship in the region. I commend DMCC and C3 for their efforts in enabling participating businesses to establish a presence in the UAE and leverage our local ecosystem as a launchpad to successfully expand across the MEA region.”

 All SMEs participating in the program became part of DMCC’s fast-growing community of over 22,000 member companies, receiving a bespoke 70% discount on license fees and flexi-desk space for two years. Further discounts on license renewals will also be offered for the following three years.

This comes as DMCC signed on two major blockchain partnerships this week. 

XRPayNet a blockchain XRP Ledger based crypto-fiat micropayments solution provider is gearing up to launch in the UAE. Already in the process of being regulated through VARA and the Central Bank of UAE, XRPayNet and its partner in the UAE, ChainTech Labs aim to revolutionize the crypto payments sector by bridging the world of fiat and crypto for micropayments and buy now pay later offerings.

Kristian Poliszczuk Founder, of XRPayNet has been a passionate crypto investor since Bitcoin was valued at just $2000; he then became an XRP enthusiast and from there built XRPayNet on XRP’s Blockchain ledger. Poliszczuk is an entrepreneur at heart building small businesses since he was 12 years old. At just 23 years old he had 19 properties under his belt as a real estate broker and today he is seeking to become one of the world’s leading crypto micro payments provider.

A Solution to a Problem

According to Poliszczuk XRPayNet was developed to solve three major problems facing the 420 million crypto holders globally today. The first was that most crypto holders have no place to spend their crypto given that retailers are hesitant to accept crypto due to its volatility, secondly most crypto payment solution providers have yet to bridge fiat with crypto and finally retailers and merchants want a secure, easy technology platform to use seamlessly with their existing technology.

Poliszczuk told LaraontheBlock, “For crypto to be mainstream, it must work in harmony with fiat. I started to think about creating a tool that would allow users to spend their crypto from their wallet while retailer receives fiat currency. We are doing this through both our debit card solution as well as mobile application, making the Crypto to Fiat payment process seamless.”

Today, cryptocurrencies are accepted by less than 0.001% of companies throughout the world, yet $2.5 Billion was spent by consumers on pre-paid crypto cards in 3 months from the end of 2021-start of 2022.

Utilizing XRPL network, as one of the only 145 node validators, XRPayNet is built on one of the most scalable and ecological blockchains developed to date.

In addition to offering micropayments XRPayNet will be offering the first Buy Now Pay Later solution for crypto holders. Poliszczuk explains, “We are bringing the solution of Buy Now Pay Later to the crypto world. Clients who hold our card or application can buy on credit using the XRPAY coin staked with us as collateral. We are offering crypto holders more choice and providing the retailer with fiat currency of their choice.”

Entering the UAE

Currently XRPayNet is going through the process of acquiring a regulated license in the UAE, working with the legal firm Saeed and Company. They are seeking regulatory approval from Dubai’s Virtual asset regulatory Authority as well as the Central Bank of UAE given that they are a payment solution provider.

Poliszczuk says, “We have been told the process will take three months and we are confident given that one of our retail partners is closely involved in the regulatory scene and understand VARA’s requirements well.”

XRPayNet already has clients lined up in the UAE who are looking to offer crypto fiat micropayments and Buy now Pay later services. Poliszczuk, told LaraontheBlock, “We have a UAE chain of stores ready and waiting for us to deliver our technology to start using it in March 2023, we have also been approached by a gas station chain who also want to use our service. We have built a complete POS (Point of service) interface and all these stores need is to download our application on their terminals at point of sale to complete the payments.”

The XRPayNet coin while developed identical to that of XRP Ripple is not the same as XRP. According to Poliszczuk while the coin is built on XRP ledger and identical  to Ripple’s XRP we did not choose to use XRP because Ripple has already positioned it as a coin for international cross border payments for banks and not for micro payments.

To date XRPayNet has more than 10,000 holders of their coin. In addition XRPayNet is considering with its UAE partners to developing their own XRPayNet stablecoin as well as adopting the stablecoin required by UAE regulators. He states, “As part of the regulatory process it stipulates that we should use a particular stablecoin which has to be embedded in our applications. We are adhering to these regulations very strictly.”

XRPayNet founder is confident that there is huge demand in the UAE for crypto retail payments services and this is one of the reasons they were approached by ChainTech Labs. According to Poliszczuk, “ Today there are maybe 100-200 global crypto payment entities in the space and many of them won’t go forward as they usually stop development during bear markets. We are not them, we increased our talent base from 9 people to 26 within the last 6 months, and regardless of our coin price we are still developing to create the best products. So we are positioned ahead of others.”

Expansion and the Future

Other than the UAE, the 14 month old XRPayNet will be expanding to other jurisdictions. In December 2022 alone there were 11 requests for partnerships across the globe.

In conclusion XRPayNet founder believes that crypto is still in its infancy stage and is here to stay as long as people don’t convince themselves that crypto can work in silo of fiat, in the end they both need to work in harmony.

In less than a week apart Dubai’s DMCC has signed two major partnership agreements, the first with South Korean entities KBIPA and Seongnam City who are in the blockchain and metaverse industries, and secondly with nya Labs. Founded by a team of Stanford faculty and alumni, Enya Labs is a leading developer of decentralised infrastructure solutions, and is a core contributor to Boba Network.

With regards to the first partnerships DMCC signed MoUs with the Korea Blockchain Industry Promotion Association (KBIPA) and Seongnam City during DMCC’s Made for Trade Live roadshows in South Korea. Both MoUs seek to advance the development and application of Web3 technologies globally, including through affording growth opportunities to South Korean Web3 companies by supporting them in setting up at the DMCC Crypto Centre, and its new Gaming Centre.

Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, DMCC, said: “DMCC is committed to supporting high-growth sectors such as the Web3 space, and we believe that South Korean businesses will benefit greatly from setting up and scaling their operations in Dubai. The signing of these MoUs with KBIPA and Seongnam City comes at a perfect time, as we continue to accelerate our strategy of supporting businesses in these sectors. We are proud to contribute to the strong and resilient economic relations between the UAE and South Korea, which reflect the warm and friendly ties that our countries have always shared.”

Hyeong-Joo Kim, Chairman, KBIPA, said: “The United Arab Emirates represents one of the strongest economies in the MENA region, and Dubai in particular has risen as a global hub for Web3 technologies. Therefore, our partnership with DMCC comes at a strategic time to discuss business opportunities for the South Korean companies operating in the blockchain space. DMCC would certainly provide these companies with an enabling ecosystem that allows them to thrive.”

A spokesperson for Seongnam City said: “Partnering with DMCC will offer a fantastic opportunity to the many South Korean businesses operating in the area of metaverse technologies. By fostering a tighter partnership between our two countries, we are sure to enhance the global Web3 landscape for the mutual benefit of Seongnam City and Dubai.”

As for the second partnership, Boba Network is a global platform that allows blockchain and web3 businesses to build next-generation decentralized apps (dApps) with reduced transaction and computation fees and increased throughput. The platform provides an expanded set of capabilities for smart contracts on a range of blockchain networks including Ethereum, Moonbeam and Avalanche. Boba Network also offers Hybrid Compute technology, which allows developers to build dApps that can utilise ‘off-chain’ data from any web2-based system.

Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, DMCC, said: “The ability of the DMCC Crypto Centre to attract such high-profile and impactful players in the web3 space is a true testament to the thriving ecosystem that we have created. By bringing Boba Network into the fold, in partnership with Enya Labs, we are providing a new suite of resources for members to scale up their web3 businesses in Dubai and beyond.”

Digital Dubai, announced recently that it has adopted soulbound token technology, considered the advanced version of NFTs (Non Fungible tokens). Digital Dubai has used soulbound tokens to issue the world’s first digital certificates.

Utilizing soulbound tokens, certificates can be permanently linked to the person’s account in their digital wallet. Ownership of the certificate cannot be transferred to any other person, sold, or disposed of; however, it can be verified by any party if needed. This means the certificate is highly secure, and therefore does not need to be attested by any third party, making it intrinsically trusted. .

The Dubai Cyber Innovation Park (DCIPark) ,an affiliate of the Dubai Electronic Security Center) at Digital Dubai , granted the first Secure Digital Certificate to the first cohort of graduates from the CISO Executive program with the participation of  17  Government and Semi-Governmental entities. This certificate marks the first-ever use case of Soulbound Technology, which was adopted by Digital Dubai.

His Excellency Hamad Obaid Al Mansoori, Director General of Digital Dubai, said, “The accelerated pace of technological advancements has made the future closer than ever before, and here in Dubai, we are proud to have an agile government that do wastes no time in embracing developments and putting them into practice to drive digital transformation and shape the future today. With that in mind, issuing the first Self-Secured Digital Certificate marks a new stage for e-certificates, where individuals and institutions are able to showcase their certificates and achievements in a sovereign and trusted way without relying on third parties.”

H.E. Al Mansoori stressed that: “Dubai remains a pioneer in introducing breakthrough initiatives that assert its global leadership in digital transformation, and help improve quality of life and ensure the wellbeing of the Dubai community. To digitize all aspects of life in the Emirate of Dubai, and provide integrated, comprehensive digital services, we need an impenetrable electronic security system that is capable of mitigating any potential risks. This is a prime objective for us at Digital Dubai, one that we work to implement in close cooperation with our strategic partners. We invite these partners to explore this game-changing technology and its potential uses in their operations to serve the objectives of the Dubai Government.”

This comes at a time in UAE where the first international NFT awards took place sponsored by FtNFT. ftNFT unveiled its first ftNFT Phygital Space franchise in Yas Mall in Abu Dhabi. The ftNFT Phygital Space is the second shop opened by ftNFT, following the grand success of their first-ever phygital shop at the Mall of the Emirates.

Some of the many nominees for the awards included Al Jalila Foundation, Jetex, Huawei and Dubai Police.

In addition a recent Kaspersky research found that 72% of people in the UAE confident of NFTs increased use in the future while only 42% think it’s a technology hype. 77% of respondents in the UAE think NFTs can offer a new progressive way of trading digital assets. On the same note, 72% believe that it can ensure uniqueness of digital assets and contribute to intellectual property ownership.